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Online ISSN 2288-5978
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and Su-Yun Lyu This study investigated the antioxidant, whitening, and immunomodulatory activities of Zizyphus jujuba extracts obtained using three different solvents: butylene glycol (JB), ethanol (JE), and water (JW). The antioxidant capacity was evaluated using the superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity assay. Whitening effects were assessed by measuring tyrosinase inhibition and melanin content in B16F10 melanoma cells. Immunomodulatory activities were assessed by evaluating the levels of secretion of interleukin (IL)-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-2, and immunoglobulin (Ig) E in various B16F10, Caco-2, U266B1, THP-1, and Jurkat cell lines. JB exhibited the highest SOD-like activity and the strongest inhibitory effects on tyrosinase and melanin production. In the immunomodulation assays, JB showed the most potent anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing IL-8 and TNF-α secretion, while also enhancing IL-2 production and inhibiting IgE secretion. JE and JW demonstrated moderate effects in most assays, with JE showing notable IL-8 inhibition in Caco-2 cells and JW exhibiting immuno-stimulatory effects at higher concentrations. These results suggest that Z. jujuba extracts, particularly JB, have potential applications as antioxidant, whitening, and immunomodulatory agents in functional foods and cosmetics.Key words : Ziziphus jujuba, antioxidant, immunomodulation, whitening
, Hae-in Lee, Mina Lee, and Su-Yun Lyu This study examined the antioxidant, anti-aging, and whitening effects of water extracts from different parts (root, fruit, leaf, and stem) of Acanthopanax divaricatus var. albeofructus (ADA). The extracts showed significant superoxide dismutase-like activity in UV-A-irradiated HDF-n cells, with root and stem extracts exhibiting the highest potency. Melanin synthesis inhibition and tyrosinase activity suppression were most significant in fruit and leaf extracts in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression induced by UV-A in HDF-n cells was inhibited by the root, fruit, and leaf extracts, while the stem extract had a concentration-dependent biphasic effect. Hyaluronidase inhibition was strongest in fruit and stem extracts. These results suggest that the ADA extracts, particularly from fruits and leaves, possess potent antioxidant, anti-aging, and whitening properties, making them promising candidates for functional cosmetic ingredients.Key words : Acanthopanax divaricatus var. albeofructus, antioxidant, anti-aging, whitening
, Eun-Ji Song, Ji-Eun Eom , Hee Soon Shin , Gun-Dong Kim , Young-Do Nam , and So-Young Lee Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms, which, when administered in adequate doses, confer health benefits on the host. With the increased consumption of probiotics, there have been concerns regarding their safety. Therefore, in this study, evaluation of the safety of Lactiplantibiacllus plantarum KF511 (LPKF511) was conducted according to the guidelines of the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, South Korea. LPKF511 is known to attenuate lung damage and alleviate inflammation. We conducted antimicrobial susceptibility test, a hemolytic test, measurement of cytotoxicity and D-lactate production, and a bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity test. The results of antimicrobial susceptibility test revealed that LPKF511 was susceptible to 7 antimicrobials recommended by guidelines of the European Food Safety Authority for bacterial susceptibility testing. In addition, LPKF511 exhibited no hemolytic activity, BSH activity, or cytotoxicity against Caco-2 cells. These results support the use of LPKF511 as a health functional food ingredient without safety concerns.Key words : probiotics, Lactiplantibiacllus plantarum KF511, safety, probiotics safety
, Han Su Lee , Da Jeong Son , Chung Eun Hwang , Won Yeong Song , and Young Moo Choo The edible bird’s nest (EBN; the nest of the swiftlet) has become a popular and expensive healing dish in Asia and around the world. Swiftlet nests are believed to be rich in nutrients and to exert various physiological functions. However, evidence for these claims is still lacking. In this study, we evaluated the immunostimulatory effects of the EBN in a RAW 264.7 macrophage model. The results showed that EBN significantly enhanced phagocytosis without cytotoxicity. EBN significantly increased nitric oxide (NO) production, which was associated with an increased expression of inducible NO synthase. EBN also increased the gene expression of cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). These immunostimulatory effects were mediated by the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs), including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), along with nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). Taken together, these findings provide scientific evidence for the potential immune-enhancing effects of the swiftlet nest through macrophage activation.Key words : edible bird’s nest, macrophage, immunostimulatory effect, MAPKs, NF-κB
and Yung Hyun Choi Oxidative stress influences the onset and progression of chronic diseases in various organs, including the skin. Betulinic acid, a member of the naturally occurring lupine-type pentacyclic triterpene family, has broad pharmacological potential, including antioxidant activity. However, the molecular mechanisms by which it can protect against oxidative damage in human keratinocytes have not been investigated thoroughly. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate whether betulinic acid could protect against oxidative stress-mediated cellular damage mimicked by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. The results demonstrated that betulinic acid suppressed H2O2-induced cytotoxicity while suppressing generation of reactive oxygen species. Betulinic acid also significantly inhibited H2O2-induced autophagy, which was associated with the down-regulation of the expression of key autophagy inducers. In addition, betulinic acid maintained mitochondrial homeostasis by reducing cytochrome c release from mitochondria to the cytosol and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in H2O2-treated cells. Moreover, in the presence of betulinic acid, the H2O2-induced increase in the Bcl-2 associated X protein/B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bax/Bcl-2) expression ratio, caspase-3 activity, and cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase were effectively attenuated, thereby offsetting the induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, betulinic acid pretreatment significantly abolished H2O2-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by suppressing ER stress-regulating proteins and cytosolic calcium (Ca2+) overload. Therefore, our results demonstrated that betulinic acid could protect against mitochondrial impairment and Ca2+-mediated ER stress by minimizing oxidative stress, thereby inhibiting H2O2-induced cellular injury in HaCaT keratinocytes.Key words : betulinic acid, autophagy, reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress
, Mi-Young Lee , Soo-Jin Bang , and Hye-Young Lee The increase in single-person and dual-income households has significantly boosted the consumption of home meal replacements (HMRs). In response, mandatory nutritional labeling was expanded in March 2021 to include a variety of instant food products, excluding fresh convenience foods such as salads. This study categorized salad products produced in 2020 into six groups based on their primary ingredients: meat, seafood, dairy, vegetables, fruits, and others. Nutritional content was assessed using a nutritional labeling calculation program and compared with direct analytical data. The results suggested that the nutritional profiles of salads are heavily influenced by their primary ingredients. Salads containing animal-based ingredients exhibited higher fat and calorie contents, particularly dairy-based salads, which were rich in saturated fats. In contrast, the salads made from fruit and vegetables had lower nutritional values. Variations in dressings also affected the calorie and sodium contents, suggesting that the choice of dressing can be crucial for managing dietary intake. Significant discrepancies between the values calculated from the nutritional database and direct analytical measurements highlight the challenges of standardizing the mixing ratios and homogenizing the raw materials in processed foods such as salads. This study underscores the importance of conducting direct analyses rather than relying solely on database estimations. It also advocates for the extension of mandatory nutritional labeling to salads, which would provide essential information for consumers and product developers to make informed, health-conscious choices.Key words : home meal replacement, nutrient analysis, the main ingredients
, Yoonjeong Kim , Heon-Woong Kim , Dongyup Hahn , and Younghwa Kim Lignans are phytoestrogens found in various plants and exhibit diverse biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. This study aimed to analyze the content of six major lignans-lariciresinol, matairesinol, medioresinol, pinoresinol, secoisolariciresinol, and syringaresinol in 91 vegetables, including 39 leafy vegetables, 15 fruit vegetables, 15 root and tuber vegetables, 11 mushrooms, and 11 miscellaneous vegetables, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The total lignan content in wild chive and avocado were relatively high at 1,430.485 μg/100 g and 1,412.684 μg/100 g, respectively. Additionally, Med was detected only in blanched chard among all the samples, with a content of 0.419 μg/100 g. To ensure the reliability of the research results, analytical method validation and quality control were performed according to the guidelines of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. These findings provide reliable data on lignans in vegetables and will contribute to the development of a lignan database for agricultural and food resources.Key words : lignan, phytoestrogen, vegetables, LC-MS/MS, method validation
, Keono Kim , Samuel Park , Youngmin Choi, Junsoo Lee , Hana Lee, and Jeehye Sung High-quality food composition data are essential for calculating the nutrient intake of a population based on its consumption statistics. The Korean food composition database lacks reliable analytical data for vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) and vitamin K2 (menaquinone). In this study, we investigated the vitamin K1 and K2 contents of green vegetables and agricultural processed foods that are widely consumed in Korea. The vitamin K content of the samples was determined by solvent extraction and enzyme extraction, followed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with post-column derivatization and fluorescence detection. The analytical method validation parameters, such as accuracy, precision, limit of detection, and limit of quantitation, were verified to ensure reliable data. In the vegetable groups, the vitamin K1 content ranged from 13.00±0.52 μg/100 g (imported lettuce) to 984.14±13.93 μg/100 g (dried radish greens), while vitamin K2 was not detected. The agricultural processed foods had both vitamin K1 and K2. The highest content of vitamin K1 was found in moringa (Moringa oleifera) powder (2,010.98±10.77 μg/100 g), and the highest content of vitamin K2 was found in spam (5.83±0.08 μg/100 g). This study provides reliable nutritional information for the development of a Korean vitamin K database.Key words : vitamin K, vegetables, agricultural processed foods, phylloquinone, menaquinone
, Youn-Young Hur , Byeong-Hyeon Yun , Jung-Ho Noh , and Dongjun Im Six kinds of red wine, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Malbec, Harmo Noir, Cabernet Franc, and Cabernet Sauvignon prepared from domestically grown brewing grape varieties, were analyzed to investigate the effects of these grape varieties on the quality of the wines. The pH of the wines was between 4.10∼4.62, total acid content was 0.35∼0.68%, and alcohol content was 10.40∼12.50%. The soluble solids content was 7.05∼8.25°Brix. The total phenolic compounds content was significantly higher in the Merlot variety, with a value of 956.23±16.66 mg/L, polymeric tannin content of 147.94±2.95 mg/L, and proanthocyanidin content of 591.79±14.02 mg/L, while the total anthocyanin content was significantly higher in the Cabernet Sauvignon, with a value of 129.95±2.65 mg/L. The highest values of color intensity were found in Cabernet Sauvignon, which had the highest total anthocyanin content. The correlation analysis between the different quality characteristics of the wines prepared from the various grape varieties showed a significant positive correlation between the polymeric tannin content and total anthocyanin content with a value of 0.89 and between total anthocyanin content and proanthocyanin content with a value of 0.84. The principal component analysis and cluster analysis revealed that Pinot Noir and Cabernet Franc can be grouped as one, Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon with Malbec and Harmo Noir forming a third group based on the quality characteristics.Key words : grape, wine, quality, phenolic compounds, varieties
and Jisung CheungThe study was conducted to investigate the quality characteristics, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activities of yogurt prepared by replacing powdered skim milk with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% sweet potato powder. Both pH and soluble solids decreased, but acidity increased in the control and treatment groups in proportion to the fermentation time of the yogurt and the sweet potato powder content. The lactic acid bacteria also increased rapidly as the fermentation time increased, and it was confirmed that the level of lactic acid bacteria in the experimental group in which 5∼15% of sweet potato powder was added was higher than that of the control group. The total polyphenol and flavonoid content of the yogurt increased in proportion to the amount of sweet potato powder added, and the antioxidant activity also tended to increase in proportion to the sweet potato powder content. The above results indicated that adding sweet potato powder to yogurt increases bioactive compounds, thereby enhancing anti-oxidant activity. It is suggested that adding sweet potato powder at levels of 5% to 15% by weight in place of skim milk powder can effectively utilize the functional properties of sweet potatoes in yogurt production.Key words : sweet potato, yogurt, lactic acid bacteria, antioxidant
, Changheon Lee , Kyeonghwan Hwang , Seungmin Moon , Eunsong Cha , Seul-Ki Park , Oon-Doo Baik , Yong-Jun Cha , Jung-Eun Yim, and Daeung Yu This study sought to increase the processability of the laver by predicting the shelf-life of a laver chip prototype developed using an air fryer and reaction flavor technology. The quality indicators were evaluated by acceleration experiments conducted with a total of 14 factors, including six chemical factors (water activities (Aw), water, pH, total acid, volatile acid, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances), and two microbiological factors (aerobic plate count and coliform bacteria), three physical factors (brittleness, hardness, and color value), three sensory factors (appearance, flavor, and texture). The shelf-life (use-by date) of the laver chip products was calculated by selecting highly correlated quality indicators through linear regression analysis. The correlation factors (R2) of the total acid and sensory evaluation (flavor) were the highest at 0.8443 and 0.9623, respectively. All of them followed the zero-order reaction, and the activation energy (Ea) was −1,788.26 and 1,879.64 cal/mol, respectively. The quality limit value of the total acid calculated by substituting the sensory limit criterion (4.0) was 0.4846 mg. The use-by date of the laver chip prototype, calculated by the number of days of distribution according to the annual temperature in Korea, was predicted to be 135 days.Key words : laver, laver chip, use by date, shelf-life
, Ha Young Song, Min Kyung Gu, Yun Jo Jung, Yeon Jae Jo, Kwan Soo Kim, Junsoo Lee, and Heon Sang Jeong This study evaluated the physicochemical properties of proteins isolated from the processing of by-products of cereal and oilseed crops. The crude protein content of the isolated proteins was 74.72%, 74.35%, 86.84%, 82.07%, 85.52%, and 85.31% for rice bran, barley bran, wheat bran, soybean meal, perilla meal, and sesame meal, respectively. The protein recovery rate was the highest at 77.85% in perilla meal and the lowest at 44.17% in wheat bran. The total essential amino acid content ranged from 30.51 to 39.48 mg/100 mg, with arginine and methionine being the highest in sesame meal protein at 11.13 and 2.94 mg/100 mg, respectively, and lysine the highest in soybean meal protein at 7.08 mg/100 mg. The oil absorption capacity was the highest at 408.96% in sesame meal protein, and the lowest at 180.32% in soybean meal protein. Solubility ranged from 25.97% (sesame meal) to 93.14% (soybean meal). Based on the above results, the combination of sesame meal protein and soybean meal protein, both isolated from food processing by-products, can be utilized as an excellent protein source that complements the amino acid balance.Key words : food processing by-products, upcycling, protein isolation, physicochemical properties, amino acid composition
, Yoon-Hee Ko, Suk-Chan Hahm, Jae-Yang Lee, and Kun-Young Park This study aimed to compare and analyze the relative antioxidant and anticancer effects of Bokhaejeong Ganjang (BG) manufactured by adding sulfur duck essence with those of Seomoktae Ganjang (SG) and Commercial Ganjang (CG) on HT-29 human colon cancer cells. The analysis of the physicochemical properties (pH value, acidity, and salinity) revealed that BG and SG had a higher pH and salinity, and lower acidity than CG. In addition, as the treatment concentration increased, the total flavonoid content and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity markedly increased, and were found to be significantly higher than those of CG. The effect of BG on the growth of HT-29 colon cancer cells was investigated through a 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and the mRNA expression levels of factors related to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis were determined. The results confirmed that the growth inhibitory effect of BG on HT-29 cells increased in a concentration- dependent manner. The mRNA expressions of genes related to cell cycle arrest p53 and p21, and pro-apoptosis factors, namely BIM, BAK, caspase 9, and caspase 3, were significantly up-regulated. In addition, the mRNA expression of BCL-2, an anti-apoptosis factor, was decreased. These results indicated that BG with bamboo salt, sulfur duck essence, and Seomoktae showed a high flavonoid content and DPPH free radical scavenging ability, and an anticancer effect in colon cancer cells by suppressing the proliferation of HT-29 cancer cells via the regulation of genes related to cell cycle and apoptosis.Key words : Bokhaejeong, sulfur duck essence, cell cycle, apoptosis, HT-29 cancer cells
Jae In Jung , Hyun Sook Lee , Ryong Kim , and Eun Ji Kim
2023; 52(5): 460-472
https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2023.52.5.460
Sojeong Yoon , Seong Jun Hong , Seong Min Jo , Hyangyeon Jeong , Suengmok Cho, Yang Bong Lee, and Eui-Cheol Shin
2023; 52(4): 377-382
https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2023.52.4.377
Hyun-Woong Choi , Seong-Eun Park , and Hong-Seok Son
2023; 52(2): 223-229
https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2023.52.2.223
Hyun-Woong Choi , Seong-Eun Park , and Hong-Seok Son
2023; 52(2): 223-229
https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2023.52.2.223
Eunjeong Seong , Hyeonjeong Choe, Huijin Heo, Hana Lee, Mansu Kim, Younghwa Kim, Heon Sang Jeong, and Junsoo Lee
2022; 51(12): 1259-1265
https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2022.51.12.1259
Seungjun Lee , Youngmin Choi, Minjoo Gu, Seungjoo Baik, Jeehye Sung, Heon Sang Jeong, and Junsoo Lee
2022; 51(12): 1272-1280
https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2022.51.12.1272
Print ISSN 1226-3311
Online ISSN 2288-5978
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