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Online ISSN 2288-5978
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Online ISSN 2288-5978
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and Ji Yeon Kim In this study, health claim labeling regulations for effective health-functional ingredient registration were analyzed from the perspective of health-functional food (HFF) companies. A focus group interview with HFF salespeople was conducted to prepare an online survey. The online quantitative survey was carried out to identify how companies respond to HFF regulations. The distribution channel of HFF has seen a shift from offline to online social networking services media. Also, consumers are seeking more detailed and personalized health information. With respect to product development, 30.2% of the total participants responded that they had experience registering and selling HFFs as general foods even though they met the health-functional food requirements. The primary reason for this was smoother publicity. Among the participants, 64.9% chose general foods as the direction for development of unregistered new materials. The participants quoted TV programs and actual experiences as promotional strategies for general foods. On the other hand, the promotions for health-functional food focused on delivering information within the scope permitted by the state. This study found that Korean HFF companies were changing their sales strategies in response to regulations that could not keep up with the changes in sales trends. In conclusion, to secure the effective promotion of HFFs while staying within the regulations for registering these products, it would be necessary to use limited promotional elements compared to general foods. Also, strategies suitable for new distribution media, such as online broadcasting and social media, would be required.Key words : health functional food, health claim, survey methods, health claim labeling regulations, health functional food company
and Ae-Jung Kim This study investigated the general components and physiological activities (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activity) of Hongsan garlic bulbil. Compared to conventional garlic, Hongsan garlic bulbil had lower carbohydrate, moisture, and crude fat contents and higher crude protein and ash contents. Measurements of the antioxidant activity of Hongsan garlic bulbil extracts showed an increase in a concentration-dependent manner. At 5,000 μg/mL, the total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and ABTS radical scavenging activity were 49.15±0.45%, 18.72±0.42 mg TAE/g, 2.87±0.12 mg QE/g, and 45.99±0.58%, respectively, confirming that the Hongsan garlic bulbil extracts have excellent antioxidant activity. The Hongsan garlic bulbil extracts were confirmed to be not toxic and effectively inhibited NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophages induced by LPS inflammation. Measurements of the antibacterial activity of Hongsan garlic bulbil revealed high antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis but no activity against Staphylococcus aureus. These results suggest that Hongsan garlic bulbil extract has strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activity and could be used as a functional natural material.Key words : Hongsan garlic, garlic bulbil, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity, antibacterial activity
, Hyeoun-ji Kim , Hae-ju Moon , Suk-Heung Oh , and Jun-Hyeong Kim Oxidation occurs constantly in the body to supply energy. A large quantity of free radicals are produced during this process. When free radicals are in excess, they can cause various diseases. The free radicals generate some oxygen as reactive oxygen species during the respiratory metabolic process in the mitochondria in cells. This causes an increase in the quantum of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that reacts with the DNA, proteins, and lipids. This promotes aging and can also cause cancer, heart disease, and arteriosclerosis. It is known that the oxidative stress caused by a large amount of reactive oxygen can be reduced by antioxidants. Hence, interest in developing antioxidants is increasing. There is an increase in the need for antioxidants from natural sources as they offer economic feasibility combined with safety in humans. In this study, the antioxidant efficacy of the ethyl acetate fraction of Ulmus davidiana var. japonica was evaluated in vitro by measuring its 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical and superoxide scavenging ability, and was observed to be significant. The ethyl acetate fraction produced, and the antioxidant mechanisms were studied using the nematodes. the activity of the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, and the ability to inhibit the accumulation of ROS in cells were confirmed in the nematodes cells.Key words : antioxidant, Caenorhabditis elegans, SOD, ROS, Ulmus davidiana var. japonica
, Yu-Gyeung Kim , Hee-Yeon Kim , Huiin Kim , Jong-Seok Kim , Hye-Jin Park , and Young-Je Cho Several phenolic compounds obtained from plants exert good biological activities. Delphinium grandiflorum flowers have been used for the prevention or treatment of cancer and osteoporosis. This study examines the antioxidantive and biological enzyme activities of phenolic compounds present in Delphinium grandiflorum flower extracts. Total phenol contents were evaluated using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Antioxidant activities were determined by measuring DPPH, antioxidant protection factor, ABTS+, and TBARS. We further evaluated inhibitory activity against hyaluronidase, elastase, collagenase and astringent effect. DPPH scavenging activity was determined to be 90.07% and 100% and the ABTS radical scavenging activity was 99.54% and 100% in water and ethanol extract containing 100 μg/mL phenols, respectively. The PF activity confirmed high antioxidant effects at 1.26 PF and 1.27 PF, whereas the TBARs inhibitory activity was 24.05% and 69.55%, in water and ethanol extract, respectively. Examining the inhibitory effects of elastase and collagenase for wrinkle improvement revealed an inhibition rate of 41.21% and 82.58%, respectively, at a phenolics concentration of 400 μg/mL in 70% ethanol extract. Hyaluronidase is known to induce an inflammatory effect. Hyaluronidase inhibitory rates of 24.52% and 16.81% were obtained at 400 μg/mL phenolics concentrations of water and ethanol extract, respectively. The astringent effect showed an activity of 44.82% at a concentration of 400 μg/mL phenolics in the 70% ethanol extract. These results indicate the potential of the DGF extract to be applied as a functional cosmetic and beauty food resource imparting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-wrinkle and pore-reducing effects.Key words : anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-wrinkle, phenolics, Delphinium grandiflorum flower
, Jung Ho Yu , Jung Sun Kim , Kyung-Hwan Boo , and Chang Sook Kim This study was conducted to identify alterations in the physicochemical properties of 5 different varieties of red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) according to cultivation time. The quality characteristic (color), active ingredients (total phenols, total carotenoid, folate, betalain, betacyanin), and antioxidant activity of red beetroots, harvested on May 21, 2021 (spring-grown red beets) and January 26, 2022 (autumn-grown red beets), were investigated. The lightness (Hunter L* value), redness (a* value), and yellowness (b* value) of the beetroot did not vary according to the variety, but all values tended to be higher in the center than the outside. The contents of secondary metabolites such as total phenol, total carotenoid and betalain were higher in the autumn-grown beetroots than those grown in spring, but there was no significant difference in folate content. Higher antioxidant activity was obtained in autumn-grown beetroots than in spring-grown beetroots, ranging from 49% to 77%. These results indicate that autumn-grown beetroots, especially the Wodan variety with the highest total phenol content and antioxidant activity compared to others, are suitable raw materials for processed products since the contents of functional active ingredients are higher than in spring-grown beetroots.Key words : antioxidant activity, betalain, carotenoid, total phenol
, Yeong Hun Song , Sang Suk Kim , Suk Man Park , Su Hyun Yun , Seung-Gab Han , and Hyun-Jin Kim Citrus is one of the most important non-climacteric fruit crops in the fruit industry because of its unique favorable taste. However, the association between metabolites and sensory characteristics of Citrus unshiu has rarely been studied. To evaluate the effect of citrus metabolites on the sensory characteristics, C. unshiu juice was fractionated using various solvents, and fraction metabolites were analyzed using various chromatography methods. The correlation data between the sensory characteristics and metabolite profiles indicate that some sugars (myo-inositol, glucose, and fructose), organic acids (malic acid and vitamin C), and amino acids (arginine and stachydrine) were positively correlated with sweetness and sourness, while some flavonoids (didymin, narirutin, and hesperidin) and limonoids (nomilin glucoside and nomilin) had positive correlations with bitterness and astringency. Using the taste model, we analyzed the relationship between these major taste metabolites. Myo-inositol slightly increased sweetness, whereas organic acids (malic acid and vitamin C), flavonoids (didymin, narirutin, and hesperidin), and limonoids (limonin and nomilin) resulted in decreased sweetness with increased sourness, bitterness, and astringency, respectively. Although volatile compounds were not investigated in this study, our sensometabolomic study showed the effect of metabolites on the sensory qualities of C. unshiu. These data could be utilized to improve the sensory quality of C. unshiu and its products.Key words : Citrus unshiu, phytochemical, sensory evaluation, sensometabolomics
, DoSeung Lee, Jung-Hwa Byun, and Chan-Ok KoPhthalate plasticizers can be contaminated by the environment and are likely to migrate from utensils and containers used in food manufacturing. Phthalates are thought to persist due to phthalate contamination of raw materials, migration from manufacturing tools and containers, and so on. To investigate the residual state of phthalates in distributed foods, the contents of six plasticizers were analyzed by GC-MS: dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEA), and di- (2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (DEHP). The test method was verified for specificity, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), accuracy, and precision. The approximate limits of the LOD and LOQ were 0.04 mg/L to 0.06 mg/L and 0.12 mg/L to 0.20 mg/L, respectively, and the linearity demonstrated R2>0.99 in the range of 0.2 to 5.0 mg/L. The recovery test was 74∼124%. To assess applicability of the method, 178 commercial food products were monitored. DMP and DEA were not detected, and DEP and BBP were below the quantification limit in the majority of dietary groups. In soybean paste, noodles, gochujang, tea powders, processed grain products, and other processed items, DBP was detected up to 1.16 mg/kg, and DEHP was detected up to 0.67 mg/kg. Dissolution test for each packaging material in the detected foods revealed no packaging material.Key words : phthalate, plasticizer, DBP, DEHP, GC-MS
, Eom-ji Hwang , Eunyoung Oh , Myoung-Hee Lee , Seok-Bo Song , Jung-In Kim , and You-Jin Park The kernels of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) are undoubtedly the most important product of this plant. However, peanut skins (PS) are often overlooked in terms of their nutraceutical potential. PS contain polyphenolic compounds that have significant health benefits. This study sought to investigate the polyphenol compounds in the three different colored varieties of PS (Heuksaeng: black, Sewon: dark red, and Daan: light brown) using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with orbitrap mass (UPLC-Orbitrap-MS) analysis. Twenty-one proanthocyanins (PAC), nineteen flavonoids, two anthocyanins, and two flavans were identified in the ethanol extracts of PS. The individual and total phenolic contents were remarkably different, especially catechin and PAC, which were the predominant compounds in all the PS varieties. The Daan PS exhibited the highest total phenolic content (198.0±2.7 mg GAE/g) and antioxidant activity, whereas the Sewon PS showed the lowest total phenolic content (59.8±1.6 mg GAE/g). Therefore, our results indicate that high PAC and flavonoid content determine the antioxidant effects of PS.Key words : peanut skin, polyphenols, UPLC-MS, antioxidant, proanthocyanidin
, Hyun-Jeong Oh , Mi-Kyung Kim, and Chan-Ok KoBisphenol A (BPA) is a major monomer used in various industries, primarily in production of polycarbonate plastics for food contact materials and epoxy resins for interior food can coatings. However, BPA is known to be an endocrine-disrupting chemical that can have harmful effects on human health. Therefore, this study investigated the residual levels of BPA in canned beverages targeted towards children and adolescents, based on data obtained from distribution markets in Jeju. The BPA analysis was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector after purification using solid phase extraction. The value of the correlation coefficient (R2) was 0.9999. The limit of detection and quantification were 4.20 μg/L and 13.37 μg/L, respectively. The recovery rates for carbonated drinks, mixed drinks, fruit and vegetable drinks, coffee, and energy drink products were 93.33∼ 110.27%, 87.33∼93.60%, 99.33∼111.20%, 95.00∼96.00%, and 88.00∼89.27%, respectively. The results of analyzing the residual amount of BPA in 100 canned beverages revealed that it was absent in all samples. Thus, these results indicate that the canned beverage products distributed in Jeju are safe.Key words : bisphenol A, children, adolescent, canned beverages, HPLC-FLD
, Bon-Jae Gu , and Gi-Hyung Ryu This study evaluates the physicochemical characteristics of low-moisture meat analog (LMMA) after replacing isolated soybean protein with isolated mung bean protein. Six different mixing ratios (ISP : IMBP) were prepared using feed materials of isolated soy protein (ISP) and isolated mung bean protein (IMBP) −50:0, 40:10, 30:20, 20:30, 10:40, and 0:50. The prepared mixtures were then mixed with wheat gluten (40%), and corn starch (10%). Extrusion process variables evaluated were moisture content of 40%, barrel temperature of 150°C, screw speed of 250 rpm, and feed rate of 100 g/min. We observed a decrease in the expanded structure of the meat analog with an increasing proportion of IMBP; meat-like structures were observed when the proportion of IMBP was between 10 to 20%. With increasing IMBP content, there was a decrease in the water holding capacity and water absorption capacity of the LMMA, while springiness, integrity index, and oil absorption capacity increased. The highest chewiness was obtained at 20% IMBP content. Results of this study indicate the possibility of producing low-moisture meat analog by replacing ISP with an appropriate amount of IMBP.Key words : low moisture extrusion, plant-based meat analog, mung bean protein, physicochemical properties
, Hyun Wook Jang, Yong Sik Cho, and Ha Yun Kim This study aimed to establish the optimal drying conditions that minimize quality changes during hot air drying for Chamchwi, a leafy vegetable. Drying temperature (50, 60, 70°C) and time (60, 150, 240 min) were set as independent variables, and the physicochemical characteristics were analyzed after drying. A central composite design was used to design 13 experimental points, and the dependent variables included moisture content, water absorption capacity, chromaticity, strength, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, β-carotene, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and volatile aroma components. The optimization variables were moisture content, water absorption capacity, leaf, and stem strength, a* value, and total flavonoid content with a model P-value of 0.05 or less and R2 values of 80% or more. The optimized drying conditions were a temperature of 56.87°C and a time of 156.36 minutes. The corresponding predicted values were moisture content 10.27%, water absorption capacity 12.54%, leaf strength 47.44 kg/cm2, stem strength 51.86 kg/cm2, a* value of −2.54, and total flavonoid contents 11.25 μg/mL.Key words : Chamchwi, drying condition, hot-air drying, response surface methodology (RSM)
, So Yoon Lee, Gi Tak Lee, Yun Jo Jung, Yeon Jae Jo, Hyun Jin Park, Jun Soo Lee, and Heon Sang Jeong This study evaluated the quality characteristics of Sulgidduk made with pigmented, aromatic, and high-yielding rice cultivars. The L value of Sulgidduk made with pigmented rice was 44.92 in Jeogjinju (red rice) and 15.44, 26.29 in Gillimheugmi and Heuggwang cultivars (black rice), respectively. The pigmented rice showed a significant difference from the L value of 80.71∼85.52 in white rice Sulgidduk. The a value ranged from 5.19 to 6.18 for pigmented rice and −5.19 to −4.78 for white rice. The hardness of pigmented rice ranged from 1,046.10 to 1,068.67 g, which was lower than that of white rice, and also the gumminess and chewiness were low. The retrogradation of pigmented rice Sulgidduk appeared slower than that of white rice. The sensory evaluation showed the highest aroma and taste scores of Aromatic rice 2 of 4.67 and 4.81, respectively, and the overall preference was highest at 4.71. From the above results, when manufacturing Sulgidduk with pigmented and aromatic rice, it will be possible to develop Sulgidduk with a new color, good texture, unique flavor, and aging delay effect.Key words : Sulgidduk, pigmented rice, aromatic rice, quality, sensory evaluation
and Ho Kyung Ryu This study was conducted to investigate the factors associated with depression according to the age group of the subjects, namely, young, middle, and late adulthood (YA, MA, LA, respectively). The study also sought to confirm the factors related to depression and their association with diet. Raw data from the 2016 and 2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) were used. The subjects of the study were adults, divided by age into YA (under 40 years), MA (between 40 to 65 years), and LA (over 65 years) groups. Among them, patients diagnosed with depression by a physician or with a patient health questionnaire-9 score of 10 or above were assigned to the depression group. Other subjects of the same gender and age were selected as the normal group using the Propensity Score Matching method. Accordingly, the final subjects for analysis comprised 286 in the YA, 462 in the MA, and 528 in the LA groups. A decision tree analysis was used to predict the factors influencing depression as follows: In the YA group, the factors were lifetime cigarette smoking; BMI distribution and fiber intake; breakfast companion. In the MA group, they were income level; BMI distribution, walking, lifetime cigarette smoking, vitamin B2 intake; Niacin intake, percent of fat intake, and fiber intake. In the LA group, the factors were Income level; Food security status, walking, and nutrition label recognition; Lifetime cigarette smoking, walking, breakfast companion, and fiber intake. This study confirmed that dietary factors, which had not emerged as being of significance thus far, should be included in the prevention and appropriate management of depression.Key words : KNHANES, depression, dietary factors
So-Young Lee , Dong-Uk Shin, Seung Yong Kim, Ji-Eun Eom, Young-Do Nam, Hee-Soon Shin, Jeong-Eun Kim, and Yong-Ho Woo
2021; 50(9): 904-911
https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2021.50.9.904
Sun A Choi , Sung Suk Chung , and Jeong Ok Rho
2021; 50(10): 1124-1136
https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2021.50.10.1124
Myoungsook Lee , Sang Duk Yoon , Jieun Shin , Jihyun Kim, and Sang Hoon Lee
2022; 51(9): 869-885
https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2022.51.9.869
Bomi Park , So Yeon Kim, Young Nam Kim, Sung Don Yang, Wongyun Seo, Seung Yun Han, and Yung Choon Yoo
2022; 51(2): 115-124
https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2022.51.2.115
Myoungsook Lee , Sang Duk Yoon , Jieun Shin , Jihyun Kim, and Sang Hoon Lee
2022; 51(9): 869-885
https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2022.51.9.869
Jeongeun Lee , Jeonghun Cho , Junghun Kim , Hye Jin Choi , Daseul Lee , Jong Nam Kim , Younghoon Kim , and Sangdon Ryu
2022; 51(8): 811-818
https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2022.51.8.811
Print ISSN 1226-3311
Online ISSN 2288-5978
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