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JKFN Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition



Online ISSN 2288-5978

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Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 2015; 44(3): 314-323

Published online March 31, 2015

Copyright © The Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.

Anti-obesity Effects of Water and Ethanol Extracts of Black Ginseng

Hye-Jin Park1, Ae-Jung Kim2, Yong-Pil Cheon3, and Myoungsook Lee1,4

1Research Institute of Obesity Sciences, 3Division of Developmental Biology and Physiology, School of Biosciences and Chemistry, and 4Department of Food and Nutrition, Sungshin Women's University; 2The Graduate School of Alternative Medicine, Kyon

Abstract

Black ginseng was made by steaming raw white ginseng nine times at 100°C for 2 h and drying. We then performed pilot experiments using the nine black ginseng extracts for different steaming and drying times to determine their anti-obesity effects. Two ginseng extracts, steaming and drying five times (FSFD) and steaming and drying nine times (NSND), prepared in water or ethanol solution decreased lipid accumulation of 3T3-L1 cells. FSFD in water and ethanol extracts showed higher levels of ginsenosides, in particular, Rh1, Rg2, and Rb1 than NSND, and levels of the three ginsenosides were higher in ethanol extracts than in water extracts. Treatment with FSFD and/or NSND in ethanol extracts significantly regulated PPARγ, C/EBPα and AMPK phosphorylation in 3T3-L1 cells. We verified doubling time of stem cells from both abdominal fat and subcutaneous fat after FSFD and NSND in ethanol and water extracts were added. Although addition of FSFD and NSFD in water extracts had no effects on proliferation, ethanol extracts with FSFD and NSND increased doubling time of stem cells in subcutaneous fat. FSFD and NSND in ethanol extracts more effectively reduced adipogenesis compared to those in water extracts. FSFD in ethanol extracts promoted secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokine such as IL-10 and depressed MCP-1 infiltration in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes co-cultured with RAW264.7 cells. We concluded that FSFD and NSND ethanol extracts may be developed as a functional food for its anti-obesity effect, but anti-inflammatory effect was shown in ethanol extracted FSFD rather than in NSND.

Keywords: black ginseng, obesity, inflammation, macrophages M1 & M2 phenotypes

Article

Article

Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 2015; 44(3): 314-323

Published online March 31, 2015

Copyright © The Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.

흑삼의 열수 및 에탄올 추출물의 항비만 효과

Anti-obesity Effects of Water and Ethanol Extracts of Black Ginseng

Hye-Jin Park*1, Ae-Jung Kim*2, Yong-Pil Cheon*3, and Myoungsook Lee*1*,*4

*1Research Institute of Obesity Sciences, *3Division of Developmental Biology and Physiology, School of Biosciences and Chemistry, and *4Department of Food and Nutrition, Sungshin Women's University; *2The Graduate School of Alternative Medicine, Kyon

Abstract

Black ginseng was made by steaming raw white ginseng nine times at 100°C for 2 h and drying. We then performed pilot experiments using the nine black ginseng extracts for different steaming and drying times to determine their anti-obesity effects. Two ginseng extracts, steaming and drying five times (FSFD) and steaming and drying nine times (NSND), prepared in water or ethanol solution decreased lipid accumulation of 3T3-L1 cells. FSFD in water and ethanol extracts showed higher levels of ginsenosides, in particular, Rh1, Rg2, and Rb1 than NSND, and levels of the three ginsenosides were higher in ethanol extracts than in water extracts. Treatment with FSFD and/or NSND in ethanol extracts significantly regulated PPARγ, C/EBPα and AMPK phosphorylation in 3T3-L1 cells. We verified doubling time of stem cells from both abdominal fat and subcutaneous fat after FSFD and NSND in ethanol and water extracts were added. Although addition of FSFD and NSFD in water extracts had no effects on proliferation, ethanol extracts with FSFD and NSND increased doubling time of stem cells in subcutaneous fat. FSFD and NSND in ethanol extracts more effectively reduced adipogenesis compared to those in water extracts. FSFD in ethanol extracts promoted secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokine such as IL-10 and depressed MCP-1 infiltration in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes co-cultured with RAW264.7 cells. We concluded that FSFD and NSND ethanol extracts may be developed as a functional food for its anti-obesity effect, but anti-inflammatory effect was shown in ethanol extracted FSFD rather than in NSND.

Keywords: black ginseng, obesity, inflammation, macrophages M1 & M2 phenotypes