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, So-Young Lee, Eui-Seong Park, and Kun-Young Park This study examined for changes in the microbial population during kimchi fermentation by different salt content. Kimchi was prepared with varying salt contents, including 1.5% (1.5kimchi), 2.5% (2.5kimchi), and 3.5% (3.5kimchi), and subsequently subjected to fermentation without starters at 5°C for 4 weeks. The pH and acidity of the kimchi were determined during the fermentation. Decreasing salt concentration, resulted in rapid decrease in the pH and associated increase in acidity. The 2.5kimchi showed the best qualities of kimchi. Changes in the microbial community at the phylum, genus, and species levels of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were determined at the 3rd week of fermentation, by applying the 16s rRNA of NGS (next generation sequencing). High levels of the phylum Firmicutes were obtained in all three kimchi preparations (89.8%, 96.1%, and 75.0% in 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5kimchi, respectively). The highest levels of the heterofermentative LAB Leuconostoc and Weissella were found in 2.5kimchi, and lowest levels were detected in 3.5kimchi. The dominant species obtained in the 2.5kimchi were Leu. gelidum and Wei. koreensis, and higher levels of Lab. sakei were found in the kimchi samples (46.5%∼50.5%). Notably, the 3.5kimchi contained 22% Aer. funiformesms, which is not LAB. These results indicate that 2.5% salt content is the optimal salt concentration for kimchi fermentation.Key words :
, Dong-Uk Shin, Seung Yong Kim, Ji-Eun Eom, Young-Do Nam, Hee-Soon Shin, Jeong-Eun Kim, and Yong-Ho WooThe prevalence of obesity and associated metabolic disorders is rapidly increasing and becoming a severe health problem. Recent reports have suggested that the consumption of probiotics can be considered to be an effective approach in the treatment and prevention of obesity. In this study, we investigated the anti-obesity effect of Lactobacillus paracasei AO356 (AO356) in an obese mice model and its safety for use in functional foods. The oral administration of AO356 (107∼108 CFU/d for 10 weeks) to mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) significantly suppressed body weight gain and fat mass. Total plasma triglycerides, totalcholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol levels were significantly lower in mice that were treated with AO356 as compared with mice fed just an HFD. Also, the mice treated with AO356 exhibited a significant reduction of the insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR). To evaluate the safety of AO356, we conducted an antibiotics resistance test, a hemolytic test, and an enzymes (gelatinase, β-glucuronidase) activity test. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value for the 9 antibiotics specified in the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) guidance was below the acceptable cut-off value. In the hemolysis test, AO356 showed γ-hemolysis (non-hemolytic response) on a blood agar plate. In addition, AO356 did not produce the enzymes such as gelatinase and β-glucuronidase. Taken together, these results indicate that AO356 could be safely used as a health functional food for the prevention of antiobesity.Key words :
, Sung Suk Chung , and Jeong Ok Rho This study investigated fruit consumption and the relationship between fruit intake and the Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI) in Korean adults. Data was collected from 5,703 adults aged 19 and above based on the 2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Participants were divided into fruit-consuming and non-fruit-consuming groups. The fruit intake rate showed significant differences by gender (PKey words :
, Gyoo Taik Kwon, Yi Hyung Chung, Jong-Sang Yoo, Kyung-Hoon Cho, Young-Suk Kim, and Han Su Jang Insects are attracting worldwide attention as important future industrial resources. Insect farming attracts public attention for commercialization especially in Korea, partly because of government subsidies and also support based on the legislation of the so-called “insect industry law”. Insects have a high nutritional value and contain protein, amino acids, vitamin B, etc., and are suitable for animal feed following the natural food web. Currently, crickets and mealworms are the most widely utilized in this regard. In this study, we measured amino acid changes in fermented mealworms (Tenebrio molitor L.). In addition, control, positive, and fermented mealworm (FM) diets were provided to BALB/c mice for 8 weeks. There was no change in dietary and body weight during the 8 weeks. The number of lactic acid bacteria in the intestines significantly increased in the FM group. There was no change in the total number of microbiota in each group nor was there any change in the general bacteria, E. coli, and E. coli form. These results suggest that fermented mealworm can be considered as a dietary prebiotic to improve the microbiota diversity of the human intestinal environment. However, further study for human application is necessary.Key words :
, Kun Ho Son , Jin-hyeon Hwang, Dong-ha Kim, Yu Seong Park, In-Sook Kwun, and Young-Eun Cho Vanillic acid (VA), namely 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzoic acid, is one of the major compounds isolated from the bioactive fraction of Viticis Fructus. VA is derived from dihydroxybenzoic acid, an oxidized form of vanillin. Although studies on the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer pharmacologic properties of VA have been conducted, there is little research on the effect of VA on bone metabolism. The objective of the present study was to investigate the potential anti-osteoporotic properties of VA on the differentiation and mineralization in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. These cells were cultured in 0, 0.1, 1, 10 μg/mL VA for 3, 6, and 9 days. The MTT assay results showed that VA had not changed the osteoblastic cell proliferation. Extracellular alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity increased as VA concentration increased at 9 days. ALP staining was also elevated as VA concentration increased at 6 and 9 days. Markedly, VA significantly increased the mineralized nodules in a dose-dependent manner at 3, 6, and 9 days. In addition, VA significantly increased the expression of the bone differentiation marker ALP at 3 days. The expression of the bone-specific transcription factor Runx2 protein was also elevated in the VA-treated osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells at 3 days. The expression of the downstream regulator of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) signaling, phosphorylation of ERK (p-ERK) was slightly elevated in VA-treated osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells at 3 days. Our results suggest that VA regulates osteoblast differentiation and mineralization in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Taken together, our results clearly demonstrate that VA may be useful in preventing osteoporosis through the stimulation of osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization.Key words :
, Deuk-Sang Ma , and Ki-Yeon Yoo Periodontitis is characterized by the inflammation of the periodontal apparatus due to bacterial infection. This study sought to evaluate the effects of red ginseng extract on alveolar bone destruction in mice with ligature-induced periodontitis (LIP). The red ginseng extract stock solution was diluted in the ratios of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg. The LIP animal model was administered 50 μL of each extract twice a day orally for 14 days. After 14 days, alveolar bone loss was analyzed by micro-computed tomography and tissue staining. It was observed that alveolar bone loss reduced in the experimental animal group that was administered red ginseng extract, and the gingival epithelium also showed recovery from periodontitis. These results suggest that red ginseng extract could inhibit alveolar bone destruction.Key words :
, Sung Min Cho, Hyang Yun Jeong, So Jeong Yoon, Seong Jun Hong, Seong Uk Heo, Younghwa Kim, and Eui-Cheol Shin In this study, vitamins B1 (thiamin), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), and B7 (biotin) content in 13 kinds of beverages containing coffee, and 13 kinds of confectionery were investigated. Results were confirmed using standard reference materials to verify the reliability and accuracy of the experimental results. Beverages and coffee products included thiamin (0.111∼2.210 mg/100 g), riboflavin (0.003∼0.163 mg/100 g), niacin (0.033∼7.646 mg/100 g), and biotin (0.481∼3.413 μg/100 g). Among these beverages, green tea latte had the highest content of thiamin, and riboflavin, coffee, and mixed milk coffee had the highest content of niacin, and raw strawberry milk had the highest content of biotin. Confectionery contained thiamin (0.068∼0.509 mg/100 g), riboflavin (0.018∼0.556 mg/100 g), niacin (0.318∼3.854 mg/100 g), and biotin (0.760∼5.797 μg/100 g). Whole wheat bread had the highest content of thiamin, macarons and takuwaz had the highest content of riboflavin, buttered bread had the highest content of niacin, and takuwaz had the highest content of biotin.Key words :
and Joo-Heon Hong In this study, the antioxidant, skin whitening, and anti-wrinkle effects of fractions from Agastache rugosa were evaluated. The 70% ethanol extract of Agastache rugosa was fractionated to get n-hexane (HF), chloroform (CF), ethyl acetate (EF), n-butanol (BF), and water (WF) fractions, depending on the polarity of the solvent. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of the EF were the highest among 5 different fractions at 27.79 g/100 g and 39.00 g/100 g, respectively. The DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activity, and FRAP activity of the EF at 500 μg/mL were 89.89%, 85.31%, and 2.05 μM, respectively. The ORAC value of the EF at 1,000 μg/mL was 129.33 μM TE/g. Tyrosinase, elastase, and collagenase inhibitory activity were highest in the EF at 33.16%, 27.33%, and 32.94%, respectively. The EF was better than the other fractions with respect to regeneration and protective effects against oxidative stress in L-132 cells. The protective effect in UV-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts, inhibitory effect on tyrosinase activity, and melanin production in B16F10 cells was confirmed with the EF. Thus, the obtained results suggest that Agastache rugosa fractions have potential applications as functional materials in the food industry.aKey words :
, Ji-Young Kim, and Seung-Min Lee With the recent development of early-morning delivery service, there has been an increase in the online ordering of fresh foods. We aimed to analyze the utilization status of an early-morning fresh food delivery service (MFFD) and corresponding dietary behavior-related consumer competencies (DBCC) and verify the impact of DBCC on purchase satisfaction and the repurchase intention for MFFD. Four hundred participants who used MFFD were surveyed. An office worker in his 30s or 40s with children and with an average monthly household income between 4 million won to 6 million won tended to use MFFD once a week. Participants differed in their DBCC depending on their age and the status of their children. Results showed higher food information utilization competency in participants in their 30s and 40s, higher healthy dietary competency in those in their 30s, and higher safe dietary competency in those in their 20s. Both healthy and safe dietary competencies were particularly higher in those with children. An analysis after adjustment for the presence of children and age demonstrated that the higher the food label utilization competency and safe dietary competency, the higher the purchasing satisfaction. Also the higher the food information utilization competency and healthy dietary competency, the higher the repurchase intention. Our findings may suggest that healthy dietary competency positively affects satisfaction for MFFD, leading to a higher intention to repurchase. Our study provides a basis for emphasizing DBCC in MFFD marketing and the direction of consumer DBCC-related education from the perspective of consumers, not food suppliers.Key words :
, Jae-Ho Kim, and Jang-Eun Lee In the present study, we isolated Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii-03 from the traditional Nuruk called Gongbyunggok and then analyzed its probiotic characteristics. The isolated yeast showed non-galactose assimilation, acid tolerance in pH 2.0, and an active growth rate at a high temperature of 37°C, which reveals this boulardii-03 strain has not only the ability to produce alcohol, but also resistance to gastrointestinal conditions. As a result of an in vivo study, the yeast supplementation showed significant anti-inflammatory properties in a mouse model of DSS (dextran sulfate sodium)-induced intestinal inflammation. In addition, after the live-cell administrations, the S. cerevisiae RNA concentration in the mouse cecum was significantly higher than that of the control and the DSS treatment group, which suggests that the boulardii-03 yeast has a superior intestinal survival rate. Thus this opens up the new prospects for the into the development of fermented probiotic food using S. cerevisiae boulardii-03 strain as a starter culture.Key words :
, Eun Seong Shin, Yoo Min Park, Ayeong Ma, Hyelin Yang, ShinHye Kim, and Tai-Sun Shin Many studies have been conducted on the methods of collagen extraction from fish skin. However, the specific composition of the collagen has not been reported so far. This study aimed to identify components other than amino acids in collagen. Collagen was extracted from the skin of tilapia (Oreochroma niloticus), flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), and red sea bream (Pagrus major) using a commonly used acid extraction method. Thereafter, the component composition of collagen was confirmed. The yield of collagen was 1.11% from tilapia, 1.79% from red sea bream, and 2.06% from flounder. The protein content of all three samples, tilapia (85.39%), red sea bream (87.48%), and flounder (92.06%) collagen was over 85%. Analysis of the amino acid composition revealed that, glycine accounted for the highest proportion in all the samples of fish skin and collagen. The imino acid content was highest in the tilapia skin (151.1 residues) and collagen (210.7 residues). The triglyceride content in the of collagen was less than 0.7% in tilapia (0.37%), sea bream (0.61%), and flounder (0.31%). The major fatty acids in collagen were palmitic acid, stearic acid, and nervonic acid. Calcium in the fish skin accounted for the highest proportion of the mineral composition at 23.96∼466.84 mg/100 g, and the collagen contained a large amount of sodium 189.28∼1,433.52 mg/100 g. The collagen contained galactose, glucose, and mannose, and the galactose and glucose levels were three times higher than those of fish skin. Our study confirmed that the collagen extracted from fish skin contained lipids and minerals even though it was purified.Key words :
, Myung Hyun Kim , and Young Sil Han The purpose of this study was to increase the availability and value of traditional foods by adding black ginger Yanggaeng. In this study, quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of Yanggaeng different (0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1.0%) black ginger were analyzed. Yanggaeng’s pH and sweetness showed no significant change with the addition of black ginger. The moisture content of the Yanggaeng increased with the increasing addition of black ginger powder. The color value indicated a significant decrease of “L”, “b” values with an increase in the additive, and “a” value tended to increase with higher amounts of additive (PKey words :
, Jun-Pyo Hong, Ha-Yeon Song, and Eui-Hong Byun Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (P. brevitarsis) larvae have traditionally been used in alternative medicine. Although various health benefits have been reported, the immunomodulatory effects of P. brevitarsis extract have so far been unknown. In this study, the immune-enhancing activities of P. brevitarsis larvae hot-water extract (PLW) were investigated using the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. The PLW did not exert cytotoxicity at concentrations ranging from 1 to 200 μg/mL in RAW 264.7 cells. The treatment of PLW increased the production of nitric oxide and cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)] at doses of 100, 200 μg/mL in RAW 264.7 cells. Additionally, treatment with PLW (100, 200 μg/mL) led to the increase of surface molecules (cluster of differentiation; CD80/86 and major histocompatibility complex; MHC-class Ⅰ/Ⅱ) expression in RAW 264.7 cells. These immunomodulatory effects of PLW were mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK-extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, p38 MAPK) phosphorylation and nuclear factor (NF)-κB translocation. In conclusion, these findings provide experimental evidence that PLW can be used as an immunity-enhancing nutraceutical ingredient.Key words :
and Gi-Hyung Ryu The purpose of this study was to compare the physicochemical properties of low-moisture meat analog (LMMA) and high-moisture meat analog (HMMA) at varying moisture content levels. The low-moisture extrusion conditions were moisture content of 25, 30, or 35%, barrel temperature of 150°C, and screw speed of 250 rpm. The high-moisture extrusion conditions were moisture content of 55, 60, 65, or 70%, barrel temperature of 160°C, and screw speed of 150 rpm. The integrity index, chewiness, and cutting strength decreased and water holding capacity, nitrogen solubility index (NSI), springiness, and cohesiveness of LMMA increased with increasing moisture content. The degree of texturization of LMMA increased at 25∼30% moisture content and decreased at 30∼35% moisture content. The integrity index, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness, and the degree of texturization of HMMA decreased and the NSI and cutting strength increased with increasing moisture content. HMMA had a higher integrity index, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness, cutting strength, degree of texturization, and a lower NSI than LMMA. In conclusion, meat analog produced by the high-moisture extrusion process had a better fibrous structure compared to LMMA.Key words :
, Sang Duk Yoon , Jieun Shin , Jihyun Kim, and Sang Hoon Lee The AI-based precision nutrition for health (PNH) or personalized nutrition for health (PNH) system as healthcare platform business is expanding due to the paradigm shift from disease treatment to prevention along with the development of related technology, big data and artificial intelligence (AI). In the Covid-19 era, we have learned that AI-based healthcare system is considered the first defensive line for population. The healthcare platform has good chance of success since its service is highly related to the national health promotion to prevent disease. However, to establish successful platform, we need more government support in such areas as a control tower for the database (DB) sharing and verification, investment on research infrastructure to build the clinical data for Koreans, and training for multidisciplinary experts. This review is the first report to emphasize the necessity of the AI-based PNH as healthcare platform. We suggest the future direction or research guidelines of healthcare platform development by considering merits and demerits of current healthcare systems in developed countries and proposing ways to improve them. Also, we prepare the future promising technology against fierce competition to build a DB sharing mechanism and to develop related contents and technologies.Key words :
, Sung-Soo Park , Woonseo Baik, Gyeonghye Yoon, Eui-Cheol Shin, Ki-Bae Hong, and Youngseung Lee This study was conducted to examine the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of winter radishes according to the cultivar variety (R1∼R3: Jeju island; R4: Jeollanam-do). The radishes were treated either in raw or blanched conditions. The general components and DPPH radical scavenging activity of the samples were measured, while volatile compounds and odor patterns were analyzed using an electronic nose. The textural properties of the samples were also measured by a texture analyzer. A total of 13 sensory attributes of the samples were profiled by seven trained descriptive panelists. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by assessing the DPPH radical scavenging activity, which was found to be highest in R1. Eighteen kinds of volatile compounds were identified, and methanethiol which represents the unique scent of radish, was the most common in all the samples. Texture analysis showed that R1 was the softest in both its raw and blanched states. The descriptive analysis showed no significant difference between raw samples, but significant variations existed in the crunchiness of the samples in the blanched state. The intensity of sensory properties increased with the molecular weight of the radish extracts. Overall, our results suggest that the quality characteristics of winter radishes vary across cultivars and this needs to be considered when processing or developing products using winter radishes.Key words :
, Jeong-Hyeon Ahn , Dong-Shin Kim, Sang Suk Kim, Suk Man Park, Su Hyun Yun, Seung-Gab Han, and Hyun-Jin Kim Many new citrus varieties are developed to improve their quality, but the chemical profiles of their peels are rarely investigated. In this study, the peel metabolite profiles of 13 citrus varieties were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF MS) and their correlation with antioxidant activity was evaluated. Among the citrus peel metabolites, 30 flavonoids, including polymethoxyflavone (PMF), and vitamin C were identified. These flavonoids contributed to the difference between the 13 citrus peels, and their relative contents varied with each variety. Hesperidin, sinestin, nobiletin, tetramethoxyflavone derivatives, and tangeretin were identified as the major flavonoids in citrus peel, while rhoifolin, margaritene, isomargaritene, catharitcin, and fortunellin were detected only in Changshou kumquat. The correlation data between the metabolite profile and antioxidant activity indicated that didymin and some polymethoxyflavones had a positive correlation with antioxidant activity, while the flavonoids in Changshou kumquat had a negative correlation. Based on these data, the 13 citrus varieties were clustered into three groups: Changshou kumquat (cluster Ⅰ), Setoka and Kanpei (cluster Ⅱ), and other varieties (cluster Ⅲ). These results provide information on peel metabolites and their distribution according to citrus varieties. However, further studies on the beneficial effects of each metabolite and citrus peel are necessary.Key words :
, Keono Kim, Keup-rae Kim, Jun Ho Kim, Donghui Lee, Siyong Kwon, Junsoo Lee, Keum-ll Jang, Byung Hee Kim, and Jeehye Sung In the Korean food composition database, there is a lack of reliable analytical data on vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) and vitamin K2 (menaquinone). This study sought to investigate the phylloquinone and menaquinone contents of commonly consumed foods in Korea. The vitamin K content of the sample was determined by solvent extraction and enzyme extraction, followed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography using post-column derivatization and fluorescence detection. The analytical method validation parameters, including quality control charts, a reference material, and precision, were determined to ensure the validity of the vitamin K analysis. A total of 46 key foods and 45 latest food consumption trends for commonly consumed Korean foods were selected based on dietary records. A relatively higher amount of vitamin K1 was found in plant-derived foods such as grilled seaweed (913.87 μg/100 g), Korean lettuce kimchi (228.23 μg/100 g), gom-chewi pickle (488.57 μg/100 g), leaf mustard kimchi (128.78 μg/100 g), and green laver (745.12 μg/100 g) compared to other foods. On the other hand, vitamin K2 was abundant in animal-based foods including gizzard (18.23 μg/100 g), boiled egg yolk (18.28 μg/100 g), grilled pork belly (127.29 μg/100 g), and beef rectum (14.79 μg/100 g). The present study provides reliable nutritional information for the development of a Korean food composition database.Key words :
, Uk Lee , Jong Min Kim, Seon Kyeong Park, Min Ji Kim, Jong Hyun Moon, Hyo Lim Lee, Hye Rin Jeong, Min Ji Go, and Ho Jin Heo This study was performed to investigate the effects of persimmon (Diospyros kaki) on a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced lipid accumulation and lipotoxicity and in the liver. The persimmon extract (DKE) was orally administered at 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight with an HFD for 8 weeks in mice. The weight gain, including the weight of liver and adipose tissues, was suppressed in the DKE groups compared with the HFD group. In addition, improved glucose tolerance was observed in the DKE groups. The results of serum biomarkers indicate that DKE could inhibit liver injury and dyslipidemia. In addition, it was confirmed that oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction were improved in the DKE groups. DKE suppressed lipid accumulation by inhibiting AMPK phosphorylation in the liver. In addition, with the inhibition of JNK phosphorylation by DKE, insulin resistance, inflammation, and apoptosis were suppressed. The metabolite analysis of liver tissue using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC Q-TOF/MS) showed that DKE affected metabolite composition in the liver tissue. In particular, it was confirmed that DKE was involved in liver lipid metabolism. DKE reduced phosphatidylcholines (PCs) and lysophosphatidylcholines (lysoPCs), and their reduction was closely related to the reduction of lipotoxicity.Key words :
, Jung-Min Choi, and Younghwa Kim Obesity has become a prevalent health problem worldwide. In this study, the phytochemicals in guava branches were identified by using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS). Also, the anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory activities of guava branch extracts were investigated in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW264.7 macrophages. The guava branches were extracted with 100% ethanol (E100), and water at 95°C or 80°C. A total of 15 compounds, including catechin, gallic acid, and quercetin, were tentatively identified in the guava branches. The cell viability was determined by a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay and no cytotoxic effect was observed for all tested extracts in both cell lines. In addition, the E100 extract greatly suppressed lipid accumulation in the 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Treatment with E100 extract showed the most effective inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. We also found that E100 extract markedly decreased NO production by about 78% compared to the LPS-only treated group in the co-culture system of adipocytes and macrophages. Therefore, these results suggest that guava branch extracts may be useful for preventing obesity.Key words :
Geun-Hye Hong , So-Young Lee, Eui-Seong Park, and Kun-Young Park
2021; 50(6): 648-653
https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2021.50.6.648
So-Young Lee , Dong-Uk Shin, Seung Yong Kim, Ji-Eun Eom, Young-Do Nam, Hee-Soon Shin, Jeong-Eun Kim, and Yong-Ho Woo
2021; 50(9): 904-911
https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2021.50.9.904
Sun A Choi , Sung Suk Chung , and Jeong Ok Rho
2021; 50(10): 1124-1136
https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2021.50.10.1124
Bomi Park , So Yeon Kim, Young Nam Kim, Sung Don Yang, Wongyun Seo, Seung Yun Han, and Yung Choon Yoo
2022; 51(2): 115-124
https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2022.51.2.115
Geun-Hye Hong , So-Young Lee, Eui-Seong Park, and Kun-Young Park
2021; 50(6): 648-653
https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2021.50.6.648
Myoungsook Lee , Sang Duk Yoon , Jieun Shin , Jihyun Kim, and Sang Hoon Lee
2022; 51(9): 869-885
https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2022.51.9.869
Print ISSN 1226-3311
Online ISSN 2288-5978
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