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JKFN Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition



Online ISSN 2288-5978

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  • Article l 2023-05-31

    Anti-Osteoarthritis Effect of Enriched Boswellia serrata Gum Resin Extract in SW1353 Chondrocytes

    Jae In Jung , Hyun Sook Lee , Ryong Kim , and Eun Ji Kim

    Boswellia serrata (BS) is widely employed for the treatment of several diseases such as arthritis, rhinitis, asthma, and several cancers. The present study investigates the anti-osteoarthritis activity and the underlying mechanism of the ethanol extract of BS gum resin (FJH-UBS) enriched with keto-β-boswellic acid and 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid compared to the conventional BS extract by the additional process of oil removal with hexane. An in vitro osteoarthritis-like model was established using interleukin (IL)-1β-stimulated human SW1353 chondrocytes. The SW1353 cells were stimulated with IL-1β (10 ng/mL) and treated with FJH-UBS (0∼20 μg/mL) for 24 h. FJH-UBS reversed the IL-1β-induced increase in the protein and mRNA expressions of nitric oxide/inducible nitric oxide synthase, prostaglandin E2/cyclooxygenase, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13, and reversed the IL-1β-induced downregulation of aggrecan and type II collagen. In addition, FJH-UBS reversed the IL-1β-induced increases in p65 nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), inhibitor-κ-Bα, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family (extracellular signaling-regulated kinase, p38, c-jun-N-terminal-kinase) phosphorylation, suggesting an anti-inflammatory activity mediated by blocking these key signaling transduction pathways. These results indicate that FJH-UBS is a potential therapeutic agent for osteoarthritis, exerting its effect via inhibition of the IL-1β-induced inflammation and inhibiting extracellular matrix degradation by suppressing the NF-κB and MAPK pathways.Key words :

  • Article l 2023-04-30

    Development of Enzymatically Modified Stevia Analysis Using HPLC

    Sojeong Yoon , Seong Jun Hong , Seong Min Jo , Hyangyeon Jeong , Suengmok Cho, Yang Bong Lee, and Eui-Cheol Shin

    This study conducted experiments under varied conditions using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to improve the enzymatically modified stevia analysis method presented at the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. The modified method was thereafter applied for the analysis of enzyme-treated stevia. HPLC was equipped with an NH2 column, acetonitrile, and water as the mobile phase, and the flow rate was adjusted to 0.5 mL/min. Each limit of detection and limit of quantitation was analyzed for method validation. Precision and repeatability were also analyzed and were determined to be within the guideline range. Totally, 13 enzymatically modified stevia were separated by HPLC chromatogram. Commercial products were subsequently analyzed using the improved method, and 11 types of enzymatically modified stevia were detected. Our results validate that the improved method can officially be applied for testing enzymatically modified stevia.Key words :

  • This study aims to verify the accuracy of the UPLC-MS method for analyzing Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) levels. The contents were investigated in hemp seeds, hemp seed oil, and processed foods containing hemp seeds in South Korea. Our results confirmed that the method was appropriate with high selectivity, reproducibility, linearity, and recovery for both THC (94.1∼108.3%) and CBD (84.9∼109.0%). It was determined that 13 out of the 16 tested products were within the suitable range of THC and CBD levels. However, three out of nine hemp seed oil products exceeded the standards for these compounds, indicating the need for continuous monitoring. The results of our study verify and conclude the reliability of LC-MS/MS as a method for determining THC and CBD concentrations in hemp seeds and hemp seed oil.Key words :

  • Note l 2023-02-28

    Color Image Expression through CIE L*a*b* System in Foods

    Hyun-Woong Choi , Seong-Eun Park , and Hong-Seok Son

    In the majority of food research studies, sample colors are presented as CIE L*a*b* values. However, it is difficult to estimate the original colors of food samples directly using L*a*b* values. In this study, color images were obtained using a conversion program (Adobe color web tool) to check colors derived using a colorimeter. In addition, the suitability of a cell phone camera as a food color measurement tool was investigated by comparing its results with those obtained using a colorimeter. An initial examination showed that the L*a*b* values of five random colors measured using the colorimeter and cell phone corresponded well with original colors. However, the L*a*b* values of kimchi stems, kimchi soup, banana, and makgeolli obtained using the cell phone were higher than those obtained using the colorimeter, and surprisingly, the cell phone was found to reflect the original colors of 20 food samples better than the colorimeter. Although color measurements obtained using a cell phone camera are not suitable for precise measurements, a cell phone camera might be useful when professional colorimetry equipment is unavailable. This study is meaningful because it suggests a new method for directly presenting color images.Key words :

  • Article l 2023-02-28

    Enhancement of Collagen Synthesis through the Regulations of MMP-1, COL1A1, and SMAD-3 by Extract of the Freshwater Microalgae Mychonastes sp. 249

    Ji Woo Hong , Suh Hee Yeom , Ye Sol Oh, Jae Hoon Park, Min Ho Kang, Yeong Hyeon Kim, Z-hun Kim, Kyung June Yim, and Jin Woo Kim

    In this study, we investigated the effect of enhanced collagen synthesis by Mychonastes sp. 249 (a type of freshwater microalgae) extract (MSE) on skin regeneration. The effect of MSE on human dermal fibroblast (HDF) migration was studied to confirm its skin regenerative effect, and at 1.0 mg/mL MSE increased HDF cell migration by 21.2%. To study the mechanism responsible, the mRNA levels of MMP-1 (matrix metalloproteinase-1), COL1A1 (collagen type I alpha 1), and SMAD-3 (suppressor of mothers against decapentaplegic-3) were evaluated by RT-PCR. The results showed that in the concentration range 0.0 to 1.0 mg/mL, MSE dose-dependently affected mRNA expressions in HDF cells (P<0.05). LC-MS/MS analysis identified eriodictyol (a flavonoid) as the main component of MSE. These results suggest that MSE could be used as a skin regeneration agent that inhibits collagen decomposition in HDF cells.Key words :

  • Article l 2023-12-31

    Effects of Hemp Seed Protein Hydrolysates on the Differentiation of C2C12 Cells and Muscle Atrophy

    Yeop Hwangbo , Ju Hee Kim, Taewan Kim, and Jun Ho Kim

    Recently, interest in the nutritional and functional properties of industrial hemp seeds has increased. This study was performed to investigate the effects of hemp seed-derived protein hydrolysates (HPH) on myotube formation and muscle atrophy using C2C12 myoblasts. HPH was prepared by the enzymatic (alcalase+flavourzyme or pepsin+pancreatin) treatment of hemp seed protein isolate (HPI). HPH exhibited a higher degree of hydrolysis when treated with alcalase+flavourzyme rather than pepsin+pancreatin. During the differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts, HPH promoted myotube formation and increased the protein expressions of myogenic factor 5, myogenic differentiation 1 (MyoD), and myosin heavy chain (MyHC). In addition, HPH protected C2C12 myotubes against dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy by increasing the protein expressions of MyoD and MyHC and reducing the expression of muscle RING finger-1. Furthermore, these effects of HPH were more potent than those of HPI. Thus, the results of this study suggest HPH has potential use as a functional food ingredient that might promote muscle differentiation and prevent muscle atrophy.Key words :

  • Article l 2023-02-28

    Effects of AP Collagen Peptides on Extracellular Matrix Protein Production and Skin Density

    Kyoungmi Jung , Minjung Chae , Seung Hun Kim , A Reum Kim , Sung-Hwan Lim , Changyong Moon , Jonghwa Roh , and Wangi Kim

    Skin aging is characterized by structural changes in dermal extracellular matrix (ECM) due to continuous exposure to internal and external factors like oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of AP collagen peptide (APCP) on ECM changes induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-oxidative stress in a human dermal fibroblast model and on skin density and skin wrinkling in middle-aged women. APCP effectively recovered H2O2-induced reductions in cell viability. H2O2 stimulation significantly downregulated the gene expressions of COL1A, elastin, and fibronectin, which were dose-dependently restored by APCP. Sixty-eight women aged 35 to 60 with crow’s feet wrinkles were evaluated in this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study to investigate the effects of orally administered APCP on skin density and wrinkles. Subjects took APCP 1,500 mg or a placebo once daily for 12 weeks. The APCP group significantly improved skin density and crow’s feet wrinkles, as determined by Ra, Rmax, Rp, and Rz values, compared to the placebo group and had similar effects on marionette line wrinkles. This study shows that orally administered APCP promotes ECM protein production in skin fibroblasts and suggests that APCP has potential as a functional food ingredient that ameliorates skin density and skin wrinkles.Key words :

  • Article l 2023-03-31

    Comparison of the Nutritional Characteristics of Plant-Based Alternative Meat Products and Processed Animal Meat Products Sold Korea

    In-Seek Jeong , Jong-Jib Kim, Jong-Min Lee, Da-Hye Lee, Sang-Gu Kim , Sang-Yun Lee, and Kyung-Ho Park

    This study was performed to analyze the nutritional components of plant-based and equivalent meat-based products sold in Korea and to characterize the components of plant-based meat products. As regards general nutritional components, plant-based products contained 58% more carbohydrates and 20% less fat than equivalent animal-based products. Furthermore, cholesterol was not detected in any plant-based product. Calories and protein contents were similar in the two product types. However, plant-based products contained 46% less saturated fatty acid and 75% more poly-unsaturated fatty acid. High levels of linoleic and linolenic acid were confirmed to be quality indicators, and notably, the saturated fatty acid contents of some plant-based products containing palm or coconut oil were greater than those of animal-based products. Total essential amino acid levels were similar, phenylalanine levels were 34% higher, and methionine and histidine levels were 34∼38% lower in plant-based products. Regarding mineral contents, calcium, iron, potassium, and magnesium levels in plant-based products were 33% to 242% higher than in animal-based products, but zinc contents were 57% lower. It is hoped that the nutritional information provided will improve plant-based product quality.Key words :

  • Review l 2024-02-29

    Research Trends on the Quality Characteristics of Coffee Based on Coffee Bean Processing

    Jinju Park , Ki-Bae Hong , and Sung-Soo Park

    This study classified and analyzed 142 studies related to the quality characteristics of coffee based on coffee bean processing process. The classification included the processing processes and sensory and functional quality characteristics. The processing process was further analyzed by dividing it into roasting, extraction, addition, and soaking. Within the roasting category, 61 papers were organized into three subcategories based on whether the roasting process maintained a specific temperature, changed to a different temperature, or followed the Specialty Coffee Association classification method. In the extraction category, 48 papers were organized, including 20 on espresso, 14 on hand drip, 6 on French press, and 3 on cold brew, etc. The addition and steeping category included 16 papers, with 11 focusing on addition and 4 on steeped coffee, and 1 on a different method. In terms of sensory quality characteristics, 82 papers were categorized into five groups: description analysis, pH, color, acidity, and sweetness. Papers related to aroma components are organized separately. For functional quality characteristics, 83 papers were classified into 7 categories, including chlorogenic acid, DPPH radical scavenging activity, caffeine. The study suggests that continuous research on the quality characteristics of coffee ingredients, varying with of coffee bean processing process, can aid in product development by identifying effective ingredients. Furthermore, this research contributes to understanding the evolving trends in coffee and supports the development of the coffee industry.Key words :

  • Article l 2023-06-30

    Brown Seaweed-Derived Polysaccharides: Comparison of the Extraction Methods by Determining the Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Activity

    Kayeon Ko , Minhyeok Kang , Eunyoung Kim , Jiamei Cui , Guiguo Zhang , and Yunkyoung Lee

    Seaweed polysaccharides (SPS) as emerging potential resources for health-promoting effects have been intensively studied. However, to apply SPS as health functional materials, it is essential to apply a suitable purification process that enables removing the heavy metals contained in seaweeds. This study aimed to optimize the extraction methods for isolating polysaccharides by eliminating heavy metal contents and maximizing the extraction yield. Three types of seaweeds were subjected to extraction: Hizikia fusiforme (HF), Laminaria japonica, and Undaria pinnatifida sporophyll. The intermediate products of the extraction process before and after dialysis were named crude polysaccharide (CP) and purified polysaccharide (PP), respectively. Dialysis effectively removed the heavy metals from the CP, whereas the yield of PP was significantly decreased compared to yields obtained in CP. Modification of the extraction procedure by combining boiling and washing steps successfully eliminated the heavy metals and maintained an appropriate yield of SPS. Among the three SPS obtained, the total polyphenol contents of CP and PP were comparable, with the highest polyphenol contents detected in the HF-derived polysaccharides. The antioxidant activities of all three SPS determined by ABTS radical scavenging activity and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity were also in agreement. In addition, the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the SPS was found to be the highest in the HFCP and HFPP extracts. Taken together, this comparative analysis between CP and PP of three kinds of SPS demonstrates that CP obtained by the modified extraction method can be utilized as a safe ingredient for future animal studies.Key words :

  • Article l 2024-02-29

    The Antioxidant, Anti-Aging, Immunomodulatory, and Whitening Effects of Moringa oleifera

    Wan-Taek Lim , Chang-Eui Hong , and Su-Yun Lyu

    This study examined the antioxidant, anti-aging, immunomodulatory, and whitening effects of four Moringa oleifera products: oil, fermented capsule, powder, and tea. All four products scavenged free radicals, but only the fermented capsule boosted the superoxide dismutase activity. The fermented capsule, powder, and tea also reduced the elastase and tyrosinase activity, suggesting that M. oleifera has anti-aging and whitening effects. In addition, all products except for the oil had immunomodulatory effects by reducing nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production. On the other hand, interleukin-6 secretion did not change. In conclusion, these findings suggest that M. oleifera has the potential to protect against cell damage, improve skin health, and modulate the immune system.Key words :

  • Article l 2023-05-31

    Anti-Obesity Effects of Black Barley Ferment Extract in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and Obese Mice Induced by High Fat Diet

    Hye Ran Choi , Su Jung Lee, Jong Hyuk Park, Jaeju Kim, and Tae Ho Ryu

    This study was undertaken to verify the anti-obesity effects of black barley ferment extract (BBFE) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and obese mice. The anti-obesity effects of black barley extract (BBE) and BBFE were investigated by measuring Oil Red O staining in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The staining results revealed that compared to BBE, exposure to BBFE significantly reduced lipid accumulation in cells. Compared to the untreated high-fat (HF) diet group, oral administration of BBFE (100, 300, and 500 mg/kg, body weight/daily for 8 weeks) in HF diet-induced obese mice resulted in reduced body weight, adipose tissue weight, food efficiency ratio, and serum levels of triglyceride, leptin, and insulin. Quantitative real-time PCR results determined that the elevated mRNA expression levels of adipogenesis-related genes of obese mice were significantly suppressed by BBFE. These results indicate the potential efficacy of BBFE in the prevention of obesity-related diseases.Key words :

  • Article l 2024-01-31

    Protective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Avocado and Soybean Unsaponifiables in Primary Rat Chondrocytes and an MIA-Induced Osteoarthritis Model

    Wonhee Cho , Minhee Lee , Geum Duck Park, Byong Ho Yoo, Ki Nam Kim, and Ok-Kyung Kim

    We investigated whether avocado and soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) could alleviate the symptoms of osteoarthritis, including the degradation of articular cartilage, inflammation, and apoptosis, using H2O2- or LPS-treated primary chondrocytes and a monoiodoacetate (MIA)-induced rat model of osteoarthritis. ASU treatment prevented cell death and suppressed matrix degradation by increasing the levels of aggrecan, collagen type I, collagen type Ⅱ, TIMP-1, and TIMP-3, but decreasing the levels of MMP-3 and MMP-13 in the H2O2-treated primary chondrocytes. Furthermore, ASU treatment suppressed apoptosis pathways and the activation of inflammation in the LPS-treated primary chondrocytes. In rats with MIA-induced osteoarthritis, dietary supplementation with ASU effectively reduced histological and architectural changes in the knee joint. Additionally, dietary supplementation with ASU stimulated the mRNA expressions of aggrecan, collagen type I, collagen type II, TIMP-1, and TIMP-3, but suppressed MMP mRNA expressions in articular cartilage. Also, serum levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and the levels of proteins related to inflammatory and apoptosis pathways, were decreased by dietary ASU supplementation in our MIA-induced osteoarthritis model. Based on these findings, we suggest that ASU can be considered a potential treatment for osteoarthritis.Key words :

  • Article l 2023-03-31

    A Study on the Quality Characteristics of Plant-Based Patties with Tremella fuciformis

    Kyung-Hyun Lee, Chae-Yeon Lee , Han-Byeol Jang, Yun-Sang Choi, and Hae-Won Jang

    This study investigates the quality characteristics of textured vegetable protein (TVP) patties based on the quantity of Tremella fuciformis powder added (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 g). The pH value tended to decrease with an increasing amount of Tremella fuciformis, and was significantly increased at T3 and T4. Increasing Tremella fuciformis concentration also resulted in significantly decreased cooking loss, but the water-holding capacity and moisture content among the proximate composition of the TVP patties were determined to increase significantly. The cohesiveness and hardness were significantly decreased with higher powder concentrations. Our results confirm that the addition of Tremella fuciformis powder effectively improves the texture of substitute meat.Key words :

  • Note l 2023-04-30

    Anti-Hyperglycemic Effects of Fermented Mealworm Extract on Type 2 Diabetic Mice

    Hae-In Lee , Asli Turkyilmaz , and Mi-Kyung Lee

    Mealworms (Tenebrio molitors larvae) have a high quality and quantity of amino acids and protein that have attracted attention as an alternative nutrition resource. This study examined the anti-hyperglycemic effects of fermented mealworm extract (MWF) in db/db mice. The mice were fed with or without MWF for six weeks. MWF was administered orally to the mice at 200 mg/kg body weight/d. MWF improved the fasting blood glucose level and glucose intolerance significantly compared to the control group. Insulin immunohistochemistry staining showed that the insulin levels of pancreatic β-cells in the MWF group were higher than those of the control group. MWF increased the hepatic glycogen content and the related gene levels, such as glucose transporter 2 and glycogen synthase 2. Thus, MWF lowered the blood glucose levels by up-regulating glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis-related gene expression. These results suggest that MWF can be used as a new natural anti-diabetic resource for type 2 diabetes.Key words :

  • Article l 2023-10-31

    Effects of Lamb Placenta Peptide Powder on Skin Moisturizing and Wrinkle Formation

    Eun Ji Lee , Young Sun Jang , and In Kee Hong

    In this study, in vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to study the effect of lamb placenta peptide powder (LPP) on skin moisturizing and wrinkle formation. Treatment with LPP significantly increased hyaluronic acid (HA) and sphingomyelin content in the UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells. A significant increase was observed in the mRNA expressions of UGTrel7, GlcNAc, elastin, fibrillin-1, LCB1 (SPT), and DEGS1, and protein expression of HAS2 in the UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells and hairless mice. In addition, exposure to LPP significantly increased the mRNA contents of TGF-βR1, procollagen type Ⅰ, and collagen type Ⅰ, and the protein expression of Smad3 in UVB-irradiated HS27 cells and mice skin tissue. Significant decreases were obtained in the protein expressions of MAPK8 (JNK), c-Fos, c-Jun, and MMPs (MMP-1, 3, 9). Furthermore, LPP treatment resulted in increased activity of SOD, CAT, and GPx and was effective in improving the formation of epidermal moisturizing, thickness, keratin, and wrinkles. Therefore, the results of this study indicate the potential benefit of LPP for skin health by inhibiting oxidative stress caused by UVB and regulating skin moisturizing and wrinkle-related signaling pathways.Key words :

  • Article l 2023-04-30

    A Study on Changes in Nutritional and Blood Conditions Before and After Consumption of Diabetic Soymilk in Elderly Women with Diabetes

    Hyo-Jeong Hwang , Soon-Hee Park, Seon-Young Park, Soo-Rin Ahn, Su-Jin Park, Yoo-Jin Lee , Kwang-Jin Chon, Chung-Hwa Song, Dae-Gyun Moon, and Kyung-Ok Shin

    This study evaluate the health improvement efficacy of Sahmyook Care (diabetic control diet) vegetable soymilk intake in elderly diabetic women. This randomized clinical trial was conducted by enrolling 18 elderly diabetic women aged 65 to 80 years, after obtaining their informed consent. Subjects were randomly assigned to consume a diet containing soy milk developed by Sahmyook Food for diabetes management for 4 weeks. The average BMI of the subjects before and after diabetic control diet intake were 18.88±1.16 kg/m2 and 20.74±1.06 kg/m2, respectively. Eating habits after consuming the diabetes control diet, showed an increase in the ratio of not adding salt or soy sauce to food and regularly eating three meals a day. Energy intake, protein, fat, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folic acid, calcium, iron, selenium, phosphorus, and dietary fiber intakes were also increased after partaking in the diabetes control diet (PKey words :

  • This study was performed to provide reliable data on fat-soluble nutrient (tocopherols, retinol, β-carotene, cholesterol, and fatty acids) contents in seventeen types of seafood-based restaurant foods to enable the construction of a National Food Nutrient Database. The accuracy and precision of the applied methods were tested using standard reference materials (SRM 1869 Infant/Adult Nutritional Formula II and IHQC Infant formula). The analytical methods used, that is, HPLC for tocopherols, retinol and β-carotene, and GC for cholesterol and fatty acids, to quantify contents of fat-soluble nutrients showed good accuracy (88.9∼126.7%), recovery (z-score Key words :

  • Note l 2023-09-30

    Vitamin E, Phytosterol, and Carotenoid Contents of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Seed

    Yeji Kwon , Keono Kim , Huijin Heo , Junsoo Lee, and Jeehye Sung

    Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seeds have been recognized as a high-quality source of plant-based proteins and omega fatty acids. However, currently, there are no reports on the fat-soluble phytochemical composition of hemp seeds. This study was undertaken to determine the vitamin E, phytosterol, and carotenoid contents of commercial hemp seeds. Hemp seeds were subjected to saponification extraction followed by HPLC analysis for vitamin E and carotenoid, and GC for phytosterol. α-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol and γ-tocotrienol were detected in all samples, with γ-tocopherol (6.82∼8.41 mg/100 g) being the major form of vitamin E in hemp seeds. The β-sitosterol and campesterol contents of hemp seeds were 29.62∼57.76 mg/100 g and 4.98∼11.43 mg/100 g, respectively. The lutein content was determined in the range of 462.25∼3,369.97 μg/100 g. This study provides information about the bioactive compounds(i.e., tocopherol/tocotrienol, β-sitosterol/campesterol, and lutein) present in hemp seeds. We believe that hemp seeds containing high levels of fat-soluble phytochemicals are potentially useful to be applied in the functional food industries.Key words :

  • The stability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is important for industrial usage as a starter culture for the rice wine fermentation process. This study evaluates the effects of diverse protective agents and storage conditions after freeze-drying of the high ethanol-producing S. cerevisiae JBCC-95 strain isolated from traditional rice wine. Four single cryoprotective freeze-drying agents (viz., 10% each of skim milk, lactose, trehalose, and sorbitol) were evaluated, and 10% lactose was determined to be an excellent single protectant. Moreover, the stability of S. cerevisiae JBCC-95 after freeze-drying with 5% skim milk with lactose was greatly enhanced up to 70%, which is 2.5 times higher than the single treatment of lactose. During long-term storage of 30 days at low temperatures, S. cerevisiae JBCC-95 showed less than 13% survival with single protectants, whereas 26% survival was obtained with combined protectants. Physicochemical analysis revealed that freezing of S. cerevisiae JBCC-95 with the selected protectant of 5% skim milk and lactose had no significant effect on the rice wine fermentation (P<0.05). However, the rice wine fermented by freeze-drying S. cerevisiae JBCC-95 with skim milk and lactose as protectants revealed increased levels of esters such as ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, and ethyl 2-methylbutyrate and decreased aldehyde contents, indicating that freeze-drying with 5% skim milk and lactose positively affected rice wine fermentation without any significant physicochemical change.Key words :

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January 2025
Vol.54 No.1

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