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, Hyun Sook Lee , Ryong Kim , and Eun Ji Kim Boswellia serrata (BS) is widely employed for the treatment of several diseases such as arthritis, rhinitis, asthma, and several cancers. The present study investigates the anti-osteoarthritis activity and the underlying mechanism of the ethanol extract of BS gum resin (FJH-UBS) enriched with keto-β-boswellic acid and 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid compared to the conventional BS extract by the additional process of oil removal with hexane. An in vitro osteoarthritis-like model was established using interleukin (IL)-1β-stimulated human SW1353 chondrocytes. The SW1353 cells were stimulated with IL-1β (10 ng/mL) and treated with FJH-UBS (0∼20 μg/mL) for 24 h. FJH-UBS reversed the IL-1β-induced increase in the protein and mRNA expressions of nitric oxide/inducible nitric oxide synthase, prostaglandin E2/cyclooxygenase, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13, and reversed the IL-1β-induced downregulation of aggrecan and type II collagen. In addition, FJH-UBS reversed the IL-1β-induced increases in p65 nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), inhibitor-κ-Bα, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family (extracellular signaling-regulated kinase, p38, c-jun-N-terminal-kinase) phosphorylation, suggesting an anti-inflammatory activity mediated by blocking these key signaling transduction pathways. These results indicate that FJH-UBS is a potential therapeutic agent for osteoarthritis, exerting its effect via inhibition of the IL-1β-induced inflammation and inhibiting extracellular matrix degradation by suppressing the NF-κB and MAPK pathways.Key words :
, Geun-Hye Hong , So-Young Lee , Hyun Chul Noh, and Kun-Young Park The anti-obesity effects of dead Lactobacillus plantarum nF1 (nLp), live Lactobacillus plantarum pF1 (pLp), or live Lactobacillus plantarum PNU (PNU) were studied on C57BL/6 mice fed a 45% high-fat diet. The body, liver, and epididymal fat weights of mice fed nLp were significantly lower than those of mice in the pLp, PNU, or control groups (P<0.05). Serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, glucose, and insulin levels were significantly lower in the nLp, pLp, or PNU groups than in control, and these levels were significantly lower in the nLp group than in the pLp and PNU groups (P<0.05). On the other hand, adiponectin and HDL-cholesterol levels were significantly higher in the nLp group than in the pLp, PNU, and control groups. Histological observations indicated that nLp reduced fat accumulation in liver tissue. Furthermore, L. plantarum strains significantly reduced the mRNA expressions of SREBP-1c, increased the mRNA levels of PPAR-α, CPT-1, and ACO in liver tissues, and significantly increased the mRNA levels of PPAR-α, and CPT-1 in epididymal fat tissues. In particular, the mRNA expressions of PPAR-α and CPT-1 in liver and epididymal fat tissues were highest in the nLp group. These results suggest that nLp (dead L. plantarum) has a greater anti-obesity effect on high-fat diet-induced mice than the live strain (pLp) and a live L. plantarum PNU strain.Key words :
, Hyun-Ju Seo , In-Sook Kwun , Moon-Chang Baek , and Young-Eun Cho Osteoporosis, which is caused by the structural weakness of bone tissue, is a systemic skeletal disease that decreases bone mass and increases the risk of fractures. For the aging population, osteoporosis is a major cause of morbidity and health expenditure. The objective of the present study was to investigate the potential anti-osteoporotic properties of cow milk-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) on the differentiation and mineralization in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured in 0, 1, 5, and 10 μg/mL cow milk-derived EVs for 3 and 7 days. It was observed that the average diameter of EVs from cow milk isolated by ultracentrifugation was 156±2.5 nm, and the presence of EV-associated marker protein CD63 and whey protein-specific marker lactoferrin was confirmed by immunoblot analysis. Our results determined that cow milk-derived EVs were increased osteoblastic cell proliferation and extracellular alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Markedly, cow milk-derived EVs were significantly elevated the mineralized nodules in a does dependent manner for 3 and 7 days. Taken together, our results clearly demonstrated that cow milk-derived EVs may be useful in preventing osteoporosis by stimulating osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization.Key words :
, Sang Yoon Choi, Jungseok Choi, Mina K. Kim, and Min Jung Kim Recently, cultured meat has been considered as an alternative food source. However, the commercialization of cultured meat essentially requires the development of serum-free or low-serum media that reduces production costs. This study aimed to discover a food-derived plant extract that can maintain cell proliferation in Hanwoo satellite cells (HWSC) subsequent to reducing the amount of fetal bovine serum (FBS) by half. Totally, 115 plants were extracted by ethanol and hot water. In the primary screening, compared with the control containing 20% FBS, the proliferation rate of HWSC was screened for 230 extracts treated in a medium containing 10% FBS for 6 days. Of the 230 extracts, four ethanol extracts and four hot water extracts showed proliferation rates similar to the control. In the secondary screening, these eight extracts were subjected to surface plasmon resonance to select the extracts that directly bind to MyoD and Pax7 proteins, which are involved in the proliferation of muscle satellite cells. Of these, Pyrus pyrifolia and Hordeum vulgare, were determined to bind directly to the MyoD and Pax7 proteins. The two extracts promoted HWSC proliferation in a dose-dependent manner (25∼200 μg/mL) and exerted no negative effects on differentiation. Finally, the proliferation efficacy results were classified according to the extracted plant parts and the extraction methods. Three plant parts (the fruiting body, root, and stem) and the ethanol extraction method showed good proliferative efficacy. The results of this study can be used as basic data for research on the production of culture media for cultured meat.Key words :
, Yoojin Jeong , Sung-Soo Park , Eui-Cheol Shin , and Youngseung Lee This study was conducted to examine the mechanical and sensory textural properties of soy meat containing Gryllus bimaculatus powder (0∼9%) produced using a 3D food printer. The mechanical properties and sensory characteristics of the samples were evaluated by a texture analyzer and ten trained panelists, respectively. Most of the mechanical textural properties of the soy meat samples decreased as the amount of powder added increased. The results of the descriptive analysis showed that the control (without powder) was higher than the samples with the powder when assessed for most characteristics’ intensity, while the sample with the addition of 6% of the powder showed the highest initial hardness and springiness. Of all the samples in this study, the one with the addition of 6% of the powder showed values most similar to that of the control with respect to mechanical and sensory textural properties, thus exhibiting the best printability for 3D printing. The results of this study imply that appropriate ingredients such as gums or gelling agents that enhance the textural properties of soy meat containing Gryllus bimaculatus powder produced using a 3D food printer should be utilized, and their use should be optimized.Key words :
, Seong Jun Hong , Seong Min Jo , Hyangyeon Jeong , Suengmok Cho, Yang Bong Lee, and Eui-Cheol Shin This study conducted experiments under varied conditions using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to improve the enzymatically modified stevia analysis method presented at the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. The modified method was thereafter applied for the analysis of enzyme-treated stevia. HPLC was equipped with an NH2 column, acetonitrile, and water as the mobile phase, and the flow rate was adjusted to 0.5 mL/min. Each limit of detection and limit of quantitation was analyzed for method validation. Precision and repeatability were also analyzed and were determined to be within the guideline range. Totally, 13 enzymatically modified stevia were separated by HPLC chromatogram. Commercial products were subsequently analyzed using the improved method, and 11 types of enzymatically modified stevia were detected. Our results validate that the improved method can officially be applied for testing enzymatically modified stevia.Key words :
, Seong-Eun Park , and Hong-Seok Son In the majority of food research studies, sample colors are presented as CIE L*a*b* values. However, it is difficult to estimate the original colors of food samples directly using L*a*b* values. In this study, color images were obtained using a conversion program (Adobe color web tool) to check colors derived using a colorimeter. In addition, the suitability of a cell phone camera as a food color measurement tool was investigated by comparing its results with those obtained using a colorimeter. An initial examination showed that the L*a*b* values of five random colors measured using the colorimeter and cell phone corresponded well with original colors. However, the L*a*b* values of kimchi stems, kimchi soup, banana, and makgeolli obtained using the cell phone were higher than those obtained using the colorimeter, and surprisingly, the cell phone was found to reflect the original colors of 20 food samples better than the colorimeter. Although color measurements obtained using a cell phone camera are not suitable for precise measurements, a cell phone camera might be useful when professional colorimetry equipment is unavailable. This study is meaningful because it suggests a new method for directly presenting color images.Key words :
, Mee-Jeoung Kim, Hye-Mi Shim, and Woo-Sik Jeong This study aims to verify the accuracy of the UPLC-MS method for analyzing Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) levels. The contents were investigated in hemp seeds, hemp seed oil, and processed foods containing hemp seeds in South Korea. Our results confirmed that the method was appropriate with high selectivity, reproducibility, linearity, and recovery for both THC (94.1∼108.3%) and CBD (84.9∼109.0%). It was determined that 13 out of the 16 tested products were within the suitable range of THC and CBD levels. However, three out of nine hemp seed oil products exceeded the standards for these compounds, indicating the need for continuous monitoring. The results of our study verify and conclude the reliability of LC-MS/MS as a method for determining THC and CBD concentrations in hemp seeds and hemp seed oil.Key words :
, Minjung Chae , Seung Hun Kim , A Reum Kim , Sung-Hwan Lim , Changyong Moon , Jonghwa Roh , and Wangi Kim Skin aging is characterized by structural changes in dermal extracellular matrix (ECM) due to continuous exposure to internal and external factors like oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of AP collagen peptide (APCP) on ECM changes induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-oxidative stress in a human dermal fibroblast model and on skin density and skin wrinkling in middle-aged women. APCP effectively recovered H2O2-induced reductions in cell viability. H2O2 stimulation significantly downregulated the gene expressions of COL1A, elastin, and fibronectin, which were dose-dependently restored by APCP. Sixty-eight women aged 35 to 60 with crow’s feet wrinkles were evaluated in this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study to investigate the effects of orally administered APCP on skin density and wrinkles. Subjects took APCP 1,500 mg or a placebo once daily for 12 weeks. The APCP group significantly improved skin density and crow’s feet wrinkles, as determined by Ra, Rmax, Rp, and Rz values, compared to the placebo group and had similar effects on marionette line wrinkles. This study shows that orally administered APCP promotes ECM protein production in skin fibroblasts and suggests that APCP has potential as a functional food ingredient that ameliorates skin density and skin wrinkles.Key words :
, Hyeonjeong Choe, Huijin Heo, Hana Lee, Mansu Kim, Younghwa Kim, Heon Sang Jeong, and Junsoo Lee The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of Andrographis paniculata extract (APE) against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. APE exerted significant dose-dependent protective effect against H2O2-induced cell damage in C2C12 cells without cytotoxicity. The cells treated with APE concentrations of 1, 5, and 10 μg/mL had significantly lower reactive oxygen species (by 13.1%, 14.4%, and 17.3%, respectively) and malondialdehyde levels (by 23.3%, 33.4%, and 54.5%, correspondingly) than H2O2-treated cells. The H2O2 treatment decreased the content of glutathione (GSH), but the treatment with APE neutralized that adverse effect, increasing significantly GSH levels. In addition, we confirmed that H2O2 treatment of myotube cultures increased their lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) activities, which are indicators of muscle damage. However, in the experimental myotube cultures, APE treatment significantly inhibited the LDH and CK activities, which were lower than those in the H2O2-treated mypotubes. In conclusion, APE treatment is of considerable significance as a therapy than can improve sarcopenia by attenuating oxidative stress in muscle cells.Key words :
, Hee Sun Yang , HaeJu Kang , Jeong-sook Choe , and In Guk Hwang This study compares the chemical composition, antioxidant effect, and anti-inflammatory potential of different parts (whole, flesh, and peels) of Codonopsis lanceolata roots (CLR). Component analysis performed using liquid chromatography (LC) revealed that the contents of vitamin B2, B3, tangshenoside I, lobetyolin, lancemaside A, and total polyphenol were highest in the CLR peels. Moreover, the peels also showed the highest antioxidant activity. All components of the CLR inhibited oxidative stress and enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells, as quantified using fluorescent probes. Results of the Griess assay and enzyme-linked immunosorb ent assay, revealed that exposure to CLR suppressed the production of nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. CLR treatment also reduced the expression levels of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase protein through the regulation of nuclear factor-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways, respectively, as determined by western blot. The findings of this study suggested that the CLR peels have a higher concentration of bioactive compounds than the amounts obtained in the flesh tissues of CLR. Thus, we propose that consuming CLR with the peel is more beneficial to the human body, than eating peeled.Key words :
, Su Jung Lee, Jong Hyuk Park, Jaeju Kim, and Tae Ho Ryu This study was undertaken to verify the anti-obesity effects of black barley ferment extract (BBFE) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and obese mice. The anti-obesity effects of black barley extract (BBE) and BBFE were investigated by measuring Oil Red O staining in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The staining results revealed that compared to BBE, exposure to BBFE significantly reduced lipid accumulation in cells. Compared to the untreated high-fat (HF) diet group, oral administration of BBFE (100, 300, and 500 mg/kg, body weight/daily for 8 weeks) in HF diet-induced obese mice resulted in reduced body weight, adipose tissue weight, food efficiency ratio, and serum levels of triglyceride, leptin, and insulin. Quantitative real-time PCR results determined that the elevated mRNA expression levels of adipogenesis-related genes of obese mice were significantly suppressed by BBFE. These results indicate the potential efficacy of BBFE in the prevention of obesity-related diseases.Key words :
, WoonSeo Song , YeonJun Lee , Yanni Pan , Suk-Chan Hahm , and Kun-Young Park This study investigated the inhibitory mechanisms of Unitein (a fermented product of soybeans, red ginseng, and dried mandarin peel) and deep seawater salt minerals (DSM) on the proliferation of HT-29 cells (a human colon carcinoma cell line). An MTT assay was used to examine the effects of Unitein (Uni), unfermented Unitein (UU), and DSM on cell growth, and the mRNA expressions of genes related to the cell cycle, apoptosis, and inflammation were measured. Uni inhibited cell growth almost twice as much as UU at 1 mg/mL. DSM inhibited cell growth by 32.68±1.99% at 0.2 mg/mL, and mixtures of Uni (1 mg/mL)＋2.5% DSM (UL), and Uni (1 mg/mL)＋ 10% DSM (UH), inhibited growth significantly more than Uni (1 mg/mL). RT-qPCR results showed that Uni, UL, or UH significantly up-regulated the mRNA expressions of p53 and p21 (cell cycle arrest-related genes) and Bim, Bax, Bak, Bad, caspase 9, and caspase 3 (pro-apoptotic genes) and down-regulated the mRNA expressions of Bcl-2 (an anti-apoptotic gene), and NF-κB p65, NF-κB p50, and COX-2 (inflammation-related genes). The study shows Unitein and deep seawater salt minerals exert anti-cancer effects by regulating the cell cycle, apoptosis, and the expressions of inflammatory genes, and thus, inhibiting the proliferation of HT-29 cancer cells.Key words :
, Ji-Young Park , Han-Byeol Jang, and Hae-Won Jang Due to their tangy flavor and firm texture, pear peels are generally discarded instead of consumed with the fruit. In this study, we evaluate the quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of rice cookies supplemented with the ‘Chuwhangbae’ pear variety peel powder as an alternative use for pear peels. The amounts of pear peal powder added to the cookies were approximately 0, 3, 5, and 7%. No significant differences were observed in the rice cookie densities. Cookies prepared with increasing amounts of pear peel powder content showed decreasing pH value, loss rate, and water content, and increased spread factor and hardness. Moreover, the lightness was decreased, whereas redness and yellowness increased with higher pear peel powder concentrations. The antioxidant capacities of 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals increased with higher pear peel powder concentrations. The consumer preference test results showed that the sample supplemented with 5% pear peel powder had the highest scores for color, flavor, texture, and preference. Thus, considering the sensory test results, the optimal mixture ratio was determined to be 5% pear peel powder in the cookies. From a zero-waste point of view and considering the nutritional value, antioxidant properties, and consumer preference, pear peel powder can be used as an efficient resource in rice cookie production.Key words :
, Yeon Woo Jung, Yun-Hyeok Choi, Ji Eun Lee, Wonsik Jeong, Jung A Lee, Chun Whan Choi, Eun-Kyung Ahn, Yongmun Choi, and Seong Su Hong This study was undertaken to establish an analytical method using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). HPLC for the standard determination of resveratrol and trans-scirpusin A as functional ingredients in Smilax sieboldii extract. We evaluated the specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of various analytical methods for detecting resveratrol and trans-scirpusin A using HPLC. The specificity was confirmed by the chromatogram obtained using the HPLC analytical method. Also, the results of UV and the coefficient of correlation (R2) obtained was 0.999, which confirmed that this was a suitable analysis with high linearity. The LOD was 0.98, 0.49 μg/mL, and LOQ was 2.98, 1.48 μg/mL, which was confirmed as a suitable limit level for the analysis of resveratrol and trans-scirpusin A content in the S. sieboldii extract. The recovery of resveratrol and trans-scirpusin A content was determined to be 98.77±0.73∼99.24±1.47% and 98.45±1.18∼ 99.45±1.66%, respectively, indicating high accuracy. The intra-day repeatability and the intra-laboratory precision of the daily repetition were confirmed to be 0.67∼0.87%, 1.18∼1.33% and 0.93∼1.22%, 1.33∼2.27%, respectively, for trans-scirpusin A, for the relative standard deviation. These results indicate that the reported HPLC method is simple, reliable, and reproducible for the detection of resveratrol and trans-scirpusin A in S. sieboldii extract.Key words :
, Suh Hee Yeom , Ye Sol Oh, Jae Hoon Park, Min Ho Kang, Yeong Hyeon Kim, Z-hun Kim, Kyung June Yim, and Jin Woo Kim In this study, we investigated the effect of enhanced collagen synthesis by Mychonastes sp. 249 (a type of freshwater microalgae) extract (MSE) on skin regeneration. The effect of MSE on human dermal fibroblast (HDF) migration was studied to confirm its skin regenerative effect, and at 1.0 mg/mL MSE increased HDF cell migration by 21.2%. To study the mechanism responsible, the mRNA levels of MMP-1 (matrix metalloproteinase-1), COL1A1 (collagen type I alpha 1), and SMAD-3 (suppressor of mothers against decapentaplegic-3) were evaluated by RT-PCR. The results showed that in the concentration range 0.0 to 1.0 mg/mL, MSE dose-dependently affected mRNA expressions in HDF cells (P<0.05). LC-MS/MS analysis identified eriodictyol (a flavonoid) as the main component of MSE. These results suggest that MSE could be used as a skin regeneration agent that inhibits collagen decomposition in HDF cells.Key words :
, Asli Turkyilmaz , and Mi-Kyung Lee Mealworms (Tenebrio molitors larvae) have a high quality and quantity of amino acids and protein that have attracted attention as an alternative nutrition resource. This study examined the anti-hyperglycemic effects of fermented mealworm extract (MWF) in db/db mice. The mice were fed with or without MWF for six weeks. MWF was administered orally to the mice at 200 mg/kg body weight/d. MWF improved the fasting blood glucose level and glucose intolerance significantly compared to the control group. Insulin immunohistochemistry staining showed that the insulin levels of pancreatic β-cells in the MWF group were higher than those of the control group. MWF increased the hepatic glycogen content and the related gene levels, such as glucose transporter 2 and glycogen synthase 2. Thus, MWF lowered the blood glucose levels by up-regulating glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis-related gene expression. These results suggest that MWF can be used as a new natural anti-diabetic resource for type 2 diabetes.Key words :
, Soon-Hee Park, Seon-Young Park, Soo-Rin Ahn, Su-Jin Park, Yoo-Jin Lee , Kwang-Jin Chon, Chung-Hwa Song, Dae-Gyun Moon, and Kyung-Ok Shin This study evaluate the health improvement efficacy of Sahmyook Care (diabetic control diet) vegetable soymilk intake in elderly diabetic women. This randomized clinical trial was conducted by enrolling 18 elderly diabetic women aged 65 to 80 years, after obtaining their informed consent. Subjects were randomly assigned to consume a diet containing soy milk developed by Sahmyook Food for diabetes management for 4 weeks. The average BMI of the subjects before and after diabetic control diet intake were 18.88±1.16 kg/m2 and 20.74±1.06 kg/m2, respectively. Eating habits after consuming the diabetes control diet, showed an increase in the ratio of not adding salt or soy sauce to food and regularly eating three meals a day. Energy intake, protein, fat, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folic acid, calcium, iron, selenium, phosphorus, and dietary fiber intakes were also increased after partaking in the diabetes control diet (PKey words :
, Minhyeok Kang , Eunyoung Kim , Jiamei Cui , Guiguo Zhang , and Yunkyoung Lee Seaweed polysaccharides (SPS) as emerging potential resources for health-promoting effects have been intensively studied. However, to apply SPS as health functional materials, it is essential to apply a suitable purification process that enables removing the heavy metals contained in seaweeds. This study aimed to optimize the extraction methods for isolating polysaccharides by eliminating heavy metal contents and maximizing the extraction yield. Three types of seaweeds were subjected to extraction: Hizikia fusiforme (HF), Laminaria japonica, and Undaria pinnatifida sporophyll. The intermediate products of the extraction process before and after dialysis were named crude polysaccharide (CP) and purified polysaccharide (PP), respectively. Dialysis effectively removed the heavy metals from the CP, whereas the yield of PP was significantly decreased compared to yields obtained in CP. Modification of the extraction procedure by combining boiling and washing steps successfully eliminated the heavy metals and maintained an appropriate yield of SPS. Among the three SPS obtained, the total polyphenol contents of CP and PP were comparable, with the highest polyphenol contents detected in the HF-derived polysaccharides. The antioxidant activities of all three SPS determined by ABTS radical scavenging activity and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity were also in agreement. In addition, the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the SPS was found to be the highest in the HFCP and HFPP extracts. Taken together, this comparative analysis between CP and PP of three kinds of SPS demonstrates that CP obtained by the modified extraction method can be utilized as a safe ingredient for future animal studies.Key words :
, Hyunkyung Kim , Yejin Ahn , Yang-Hee Hong , Sang Duck Jeon , Seok June Son , and Hyung Joo Suh The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and sleep-promoting activities of the ethanol extracts of three medicinal plants, viz. Poria cocos, Longanae Arillus, and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (PCRV). Polyphenol contents were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and radical scavenging activity to evaluate their antioxidant activities. The sleep-promoting activities of extracts were evaluated using a pentobarbital-induced sleep model and a caffeine-induced insomnia model. Of the three medicinal plant extracts, PCRV extract had the highest total polyphenol content (215.44 mg/g) and exhibited excellent radical scavenging activity. Furthermore, PCRV extract contained sleep-promoting quercetin-3-glucuronide and trans-ferulic acid and promoted sleep more than the other two extracts, and at 160 or 200 mg/kg, PCRV extract also more significantly improved sleep latency (P<0.001) and duration (P<0.001). In the insomnia model, caffeine-induced increases in sleep latency and reductions in sleep duration were significantly and dose-dependently suppressed by PCRV extract. Collectively, the study shows PCRV extract effectively removes free radicals, promotes sleep, and has potential use as a functional substance for ameliorating sleep disorders.aKey words :
Jae In Jung , Hyun Sook Lee , Ryong Kim , and Eun Ji Kim
2023; 52(5): 460-472
https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2023.52.5.460
Xuemei Lee , Geun-Hye Hong , So-Young Lee , Hyun Chul Noh, and Kun-Young Park
2022; 51(11): 1119-1128
https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2022.51.11.1119
JaeHee Kwon , Hyun-Ju Seo , In-Sook Kwun , Moon-Chang Baek , and Young-Eun Cho
2022; 51(11): 1158-1165
https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2022.51.11.1158
Hyun-Woong Choi , Seong-Eun Park , and Hong-Seok Son
2023; 52(2): 223-229
https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2023.52.2.223
Eunjeong Seong , Hyeonjeong Choe, Huijin Heo, Hana Lee, Mansu Kim, Younghwa Kim, Heon Sang Jeong, and Junsoo Lee
2022; 51(12): 1259-1265
https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2022.51.12.1259
Xuemei Lee , Geun-Hye Hong , So-Young Lee , Hyun Chul Noh, and Kun-Young Park
2022; 51(11): 1119-1128
https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2022.51.11.1119
Print ISSN 1226-3311
Online ISSN 2288-5978
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